Mnemonic: CENTOr
1. Cough absent or Can’t cough = +1
2. Exudates or Enlarged tonsils = +1
3. Nodes (Swollen tender anterior cervical lymph nodes) = +1
4. Temeperature >100.4 F = +1
5. Or:
Multiple studies have shown that metformin reduces serum B12 levels in 10–30% of patients. The effect increases with the duration of the therapy. Decrease in vitamin B12 absorption and levels following metformin use typically starts as early as the 4th month. Mechanisms of Vitamin B12 deficiency with Metformin Use: It…
While historically, NS and RL have been thought to be generally equivalent for resuscitation, there has been an associated risk of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with large-volume resuscitation using normal saline. Hyperchoremic metabolic acidosis has been found to increase the risk of acute kidney injury. This is thought to be due to the…
Mnemonic: Boat starts and PRASaD DIVEs 1. pre-Botzinger complex Starts respiratory rhythm (pacemaker): Boat Starts Location: Between nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus (upper medulla) 2. Pneumotaxic center Represses Apneustic center: PR-A Location: Upper pons (Nucleus parabrachialis and Kolliker-fuse nucleus) 3. Apneustic center Stimulates DRG: A-SaD Location: Lower pons 4….