A. Osteology: 1. Femur: Largest bone in the body Distal femur possess 2 condyles of which the medial one is larger Medial epicondyle is more porminent and supports the adductor tubercle 2. Patella (Knee cap): Largest sesamoid bone Functions: fulcrum for quadriceps protects knee joint enhances lubrication and nutrition of…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
Surgical landmarks for identification of facial nerve in Parotid surgery
The facial nerve (CN VII) exits the skull base through the stylomastoid foramen situated posterolaterally to the styloid process and anteromedially to the mastoid process and enters the parotid gland to divide it into a large superficial lobe and a small deep lobe. The main trunk of facial nerve enters…
Applied anatomy of Anatomical Snuff Box
Synonyms: Radial fossa, Foveola radialis Note: Depression in the humerus which receives the head of radius is also named as Radial fossa Definition: It is a triangular shaped depression in the radial or lateral aspect of the dorsum of the hand which is seen when the thumb is extended fully….
X-ray of Mastoids
While we have more sophisticated radiological techniques of examination of the mastoids, the ability to read an X-ray of mastoid is a must for the undergraduate students of the medicine. While describing an X-ray in ENT or Otorhinolaryngology, you need to comment on these points: Plain or Contrast Regions: Mastoid,…
Basics of Fluid therapy
A. Anatomy and Physiology of Body Fluid Compartments: Remember the “60-40-20” rule of body water. 1. Total body water: 60% (50-70%) of Total Body Weight Greater in lean individuals because fat contains little water Greatest percentage in newborns, then decreases with age 2. Intracellular fluid (ICF): 40% of Total Body…
Leprosy: Etiopathogenesis, Classification and Complications
Synonyms: Hansen’s disease, Kushta roga, Mezels Definition: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae which affects prinicpally the skin and peripheral nerves. Other commonly affected sites are the cooler parts of the body like mucosa of upper respiratory tract, anterior chamber of eyes and testes. The cooler…
Applied Anatomy of Palatine Tonsils
Synonyms: Tonsils (Unless otherwise specified, tonsils usually refers to palatine tonsils), Faucial tonsils Definition: Almond shaped, ovoid mass of lymphoid tissue situated bilaterally in the lateral wall of oropharynx within the tonsilar recess or sinus bounded by palatoglossal fold anteriorly i.e. anterior pillar and palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly i.e. posterior pillar….
Applied Anatomy of Tympanic Membrane
Synonyms: Ear drum, Myringa Definition: Tympanic membrane is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Anatomy: Site: Located at medial end of the external auditory canal, separating it from the middle ear cavity Position: At an angle of 55° to the horizontal to the floor…