Classification Mnemonic: NO SPECS Class Signs Comment 0 No eye signs or symptoms 1 Only signs of hyperthyroidism Lid lag, Lid retraction 2 Soft tissue swelling Periorbital edema; red, itchy eye 3 Proptosis 4 Extraocular muscle involvement Often results in diplopia; pain especially on upgaze 5 Corneal involvement Generally a…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Spondylolisthesis : Summary
Indications for surgery Age group Spondylolisthesis Indications Pediatric Low grade Failure to respond to conservative treatment (9-12 months)Progressive slippageIntractable low back or radicular painNeurological deficit and deterioration High grade Neurological symptomsSevere sagittal plane spinal deformity Adult Low grade Failure of non-operative treatmentProgressive slippageSymptomatic and radiographically unstable isthmic spondylolisthesis High grade…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
PQLI vs HDI : Mnemonic
PQLI and HDI are similar, the main difference between the two being the inclusion of income in HDI & exclusion of same from PQLI. HDI represents both physical and financial attributes of development and PQLI has only physical aspects of life. PQLI HDI Full form Physical Quality of Life Index…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Levels of Disease Prevention : Mnemonic
Level Mnemonic Target population Goals Mode of intervention Primordial Prevent risk factors General population Prevent emergence of risk factors Health educationHealth promotion Primary Prevent disease General population Prevent disease onset Lifestyle modificationImmunization Secondary Screening Subclinical (asymptomatic) Prevent symptom onset Early diagnosisPrompt optimized & sustained care Tertiary Treatment Clinical (symptomatic) Prevent…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Drug Elimination Kinetics : Mnemonics
Zero-order First-order Amount of drug eliminated per unit time Constant amount Constant fraction (Mnemonic: first = fraction) Rate of elimination with plasma concentration Independent Directly proportional (greater the drug, greater is elimination) Elimination Capacity-limited, i.e. liver/kidney are saturated/maxed out on how much they can eliminate Flow-limited, i.e. liver/kidney are not…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Tension Band Wiring (TBW)
Tension Band Principle A tension band is any device placed on the tension side of an eccentrically loaded fracture that converts tensile load into compressive load. The convex side of the bone is under tension whereas the concave side is under compression. For a tension band to work, the fracture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Reverse or Baby or Mirrored Bennett’s Fracture
Definition: The fracture-dislocation at the base of the fifth metacarpal analogous to Bennett’s fracture of the thumb Mechanism of injury: Muscle pull and displacement: Consequences of unreduced fracture-dislocation: Possible associations: X-ray views: Treatment: 1. Closed reduction and internal fixation with K-wires 2. Open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires or…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Wormian Bones
Wormian bones are abnormal ossicles that develop from extra ossification centers within the cranium. They are most frequently located in the lambdoid suture or the coronal suture, and have been seen in the fontanelles, particularly the posterior fontanelle. Commonest Cause Idiopathic (Anatomic variant) Other Causes Mnemonic: PORK CHOPS 1. Pyknodyostosis…