Duodenum Calcium Thiamine Iron Protein Carbohydrate Jejunum/Proximal ileum Fat Vitamins A, D, E, K Water-soluble vitamins Folate Essential minerals Copper Zinc Phosphorous Magnesium Terminal ileum Vitamin B12 Bile salts Reference: The SAGES Manual: A Practical Guide to Bariatric Surgery edited by Ninh T. Nguyen, Eric DeMaria, Sayeed Ikramuddin, Matthew M. Hutter
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Long term PPI use : Associated risks
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are often self-prescribed by the patients and since PPIs are available over-the-counter, patients can have free access to them and for long periods of time, without seeking medical attention. Although guidelines for OTC use suggest a short course (2 week treatment) of PPIs in patients with typical…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Gastric Carcinoma : Quick Review
Etiology and Risk factors of Gastric Carcinoma Mnemonic: 14 “A”s Animal foods (smoked, cured or preserved – contains high nitroso- compounds) Anti-oxidant poor foods Acetaldehyde in Alcohol Acid peptic disease or Antigen i.e. H.pylori Atrophic gastritis and Achlorhydria Adenomatous polyps (precursor of intestinal type of gastric cancer) A type Blood group Asians…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
History and Physical Examination Format
HISTORY 1. General Information: 2. Chief complaints: Example: Lower abdominal pain X 2 daysNausea and vomiting X 1 day 3. History of Presenting Illness: “OPQRST” for each symptoms Negative history: Treatment received for the complaint Review of systems: may or may not be related to chief complaint – include only…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Modified Centor Criteria for Likelihood of Bacterial Infection In Sore throat
Centor Criteria Mnemonic: CENTOr 1. Cough absent or Can’t cough = +1 2. Exudates or Enlarged tonsils = +1 3. Nodes (Swollen tender anterior cervical lymph nodes) = +1 4. Temeperature >100.4 F = +1 5. Or: <15 years = +1 15-44 years = 0 ≥45 years = -1 Scoring
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Carpal Bones Ossification: Mnemonic
Roughly one center appears per year from the age of 1 year to 7 years, anti-clockwise in right hand and clock-wise in left hand looking from the anterior surface, i.e. from ulnar side to radial side. Pisiform, being a sesamoid bone it gets left behind and only develops years later. capitate: 1-3 months hamate:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Salter Harris Classification for Physeal Fracture: Mnemonic
In children, the growth plate (physis) is a zone of cartilate situated between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of long bones. Cartilage is weaker than bone and thus is a common site of fracture. The Salter-Harris classification consists of 5 different types of growth plate fractures based on the location…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma) : Quick review
Wilm’s tumor is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood. Origin: Embryonic nephrogenic (mesodermal) cells Mechanism: Deletion of WT-1 gene on chromosome 11 Pathology: a. Macroscopic (Gross): large, solitary tan to grey color mass; pale on cut section with areas of hemorrhage; 10% are bilateral or multicentric; grossly difficult…