Necrotizing fasciitis can be misdiagnosed in about 75% of the cases in the intial stage of the disease. The most consistent feature of early necrotizing fasciitis is the pain out of proportion to swelling or erythema. Other features helping to differentiate from other soft tissue infections are: Tenderness extending beyond…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Kanavel Sign for Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis
1. Exquisite tenderness over the course of the sheath, limited to the sheath Present in 64% cases Late sign of proximal extension of pyogenic tenosynovitis Most important sign as described by Kanavel 2. Flexion of the finger (‘hook’ sign) Present in 69% cases 3. Exquisite pain on extending the finger,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Portal Vein : Tributaries and Portocaval Anastomoses
Origin: Hepatic Portal Vein is formed by the union of Splenic vein and Superior mesenteric Vein behind the neck of pancreas at L1 vertebral level. Termination: The portal vein terminates by branching into right branch (entering right lobe of liver) and left branch entering (left lobe of liver). Parts: Tributaries: Points to…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Cellulitis Assessment : Mnemonic
Cellulitis is a rapidly spreading acute inflammation with infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue that spreads widely through tissue spaces. It is commonly caused by either Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. Erysipelas is a superficial form of cellulitis involving lymphatics; it has a peau d’orange appearance and a sharp border. It characteristically appears on the face. Since,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Bisphosphonate Pharmacology
Classification Non-nitrogen containing (1st generation): Etidronate Clodronate Tiludronate Nitrogen containing (2nd and 3rd generation): a. 2nd generation (alky-amino nitrogen containing): Pamidronate Alendronate Ibadronate Olpadronate b. 3rd generation (heterocyclic nitrogen containing): Risedronate Zoledronate Chemical structure Stable derivatives of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) Mechanism of action Strong attachment to hydroxyapatite mineral found in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Nail Bed Injuries : Van Beek Classification and Management
Clinically, the Van Beek classification system denominates 5 principal nail bed injuries, subclassified by location within the nailbed (involving either the sterile and/or germinal matrix, respectively) and the extent of injury. Germinal Matrix Injury GI: Small subungual hematoma proximal nail (<25%) GII: Germinal matrix laceration, large subungual hematoma (>50%) GIII:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Antimicrobial Mechanism of Actions – Everything you need to know
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors A peptidoglycan monomer consists of 2 joined amino-sugars, N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyle muramic acid (NAM), with a pentapeptide coming off of the NAM. So, a peptidoglycan monomer is a NAG-NAM-pentapeptide. These peptidoglycan monomers are synthesized in cytosol and transported across cytoplasmic membrane by Bactoprenols (BP)….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
MRI Physics Made Easy
Human body is made up of water, which means a large number of atoms inside our body is hydrogen atoms, the nucleus of which contains a positively charged proton that spins (or precesses) around an axis like a child’s top. This spinning generates its own tiny magnetic field, giving the…