Diaphragm is a thoracoabdominal organ which is musculotendinous. It is the primary muscle of respiration. Extension: There are 2 crura of diaphragm: 3 ligaments: Quadratus lumborum muscle is related to lateral arcuate whereas psoas muscle is related to medial arcuate ligament. The foramen of Morgagni shown in the above picture…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
SIADH Causes and Diagnosis : Mnemonics
Causes of SIADH Mnemonic: SIADH Diagnosis and Diagnostic Criteria Mnemonic: SOD-IUN TEA
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Basics of voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
The above picture shows a VCUG scan which is a commonly performed test in urology for diagnosing various conditions related to urethra, bladder as well as assessing upper tracts. Diseases that can be diagnosed using VCUG includes: So, it is always better to have an idea about interpreting the scan as…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approach and management of pediatric hydronephrosis
Pediatric hydronephrosis is a broad term and encompasses various spectrum of disease. It can be broadly classified into: Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) It accounts for 1-3% of all pregnancies (Shamshirsaz et.al;2012) and the incidence will continue to rise due to increase use of prenatal ultrasound scan. USG is the mainstay of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Allergies in the Family: Coping Strategies and Tips
Eye drops, nasal sprays, antihistamines, carrying your EpiPen wherever you go, avoiding certain environments like the plague, avoiding beloved pets or meticulously scanning ingredient lists for just about every food product you consume. All this and more are just another part of everyday life for people with allergies. Allergies might…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Peptic Ulcer (Johnson) Classification
Mnemonic: 1. 1 is Less 2. 2 is Two 3. 3 is Pre- 4. 4 is Door 5. 5 is 5 letter (NSAID) Type Mnemonic Location Acid hypersecretion Complications Surgery I (55%) Less Lesser curvature No Bleeding uncommon Distal gastrectomy with BI, BII or RY GJ anastomosis II (20%) Two…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Statistics – High Yield (Cheat Sheet)
Normal distribution Non-normal distribution a. Positive skew: Longer or fatter tail on right b. Negative skew: Longer or fatter tail on left 2X2 tables Disease present Disease absent Test positive TP FP Test negative FN TN Event Non-event Exposed or Treatment a b Non-exposed or Placebo c d Formulae Incidence…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Phases of Clinical Trial : Mnemonic
Clinical trials conduct ‘human experiments’. Three fundamental principles apply: Blinding: Phases: Mnemonic: I SWIM Phase Purpose Name Sample Blinding and control 0 Initial (Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics) Microdosing studies Healthy volunteers (smaller) No I Safe? (Safe maximum dose and tolerability) Human pharmacology and safety Healthy volunteers (larger) No II Works? (Efficacy)…