MNEMONIC: FUNWISE During the last 1 month, how often/many times you had to – 1. Frequency: Urinate again <2 hours after you finished urinating ? 2. Urgency: Difficulty in postponing the urine ? 3. Nocturia: Get up to urinate from bedtime to wakeup ? 4. Weak stream: Weak urinary stream…
Author: Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics
He is the section editor of Orthopedics in Epomedicine. He searches for and share simpler ways to make complicated medical topics simple. He also loves writing poetry, listening and playing music. He is currently pursuing Fellowship in Hip, Pelvi-acetabulum and Arthroplasty at B&B Hospital.
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Urea Cycle and Defects with Mnemonics
Mnemonic for Urea Cycle Intermediates Orange Cola, Coffee, Alcohol of Argentina For Aggressive Urine Orange: Ornithine Cola: Carbamoyl Phosphate Coffee: Citrulline Alcohol: Aspartate (enters cycle) Argentina: Arginosuccinate For: Fumarate (leaves cycle) Aggressive: Arginine Urine: Urea (leaves cycle) Structure of Urea NH2-CO-NH2 (1 amide from aspartate and 1 from ammonia) Amide…
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation : Mnemonic
General concepts of ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation: 1. Occurs in cell cytosol: Glycolysis 2. Occurs in mytochondrial matrix: Kreb’s (TCA) cycle 3. Occurs in mitochondrial inner membrane: ETC – Stepwise movement of electrons from high energy to low energy that activates proton pump which transports proton from the mitochondrial matrix to mitochondrial inter-membrane and…
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Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis: Mnemonics
It is not necessary to memorize each and every step of the process. We will only look into the major events. A. Meaning: Glyco (Sugar) + Lysis (Breaking or splitting) B. Synonyms: Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EM Pathway) C. Site: Cytoplasm D. Enzyme basics: Kinase: Adds or removes phosphate from substrate (uses…
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Kreb’s cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice Remember the enzymes of the cycle: All the enzymes are in the matrix of mitochondria except succinate dehydrogenase which is in inner mitochondrial membrane. Pyruvate from aerobic glycolysis enters mitochondria, where it may be converted into acetyl-CoA (irreversible reaction) under…
Case Reports
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Craniopharyngioma – Case Discussion
Case Summary A 38 year old female came with: Headache for 6 months Diminution of peripheral vision bilatetrally Irregular menstrual cycle for the last 1 year Now, polydypsia and excessive urination Her prolactin level was 115.6 ng/ml (increased), FSH was 1.3 mIU/ml (decreased) and LH was 0.242 mIU/ml (decreased). CT…
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Approach to Low Back Pain
Definition of Low Back Pain Low back pain (LBP) is defined as pain, muscle tension or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain (sciatica). “Diagnostic triage” after excluding non-spinal causes of low back pain classifies LBP into 3 broad categories:…
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Forearm muscles : Tricks to remember
Anterior Forearm (Compartment) Muscles Total muscles: 8 (4 superficial + 1 intermediate + 3 deep) Mnemonic: Do it yourself as shown in the figure below! Place your thenar/hypothenar eminence over medial epicondyle and fan out 5 fingers with thumb resting below the 4 fingers. The 4 fingers represent superficial flexors…