What is asystole? Asystole is a state of no cardiac electrical activity. It is seen as a “flat-line” in ECG monitor. However, other possible causes of flat-line should be ruled out before calling it asystole. They are: Loose or disconnected ECG leads Loss of power to ECG monitor Once, asystole…
Author: Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics
He is the section editor of Orthopedics in Epomedicine. He searches for and share simpler ways to make complicated medical topics simple. He also loves writing poetry, listening and playing music.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Amino Acids Mnemonics
What are amino acids ? Amino acids are molecules containing: An amine group A carboxylic acid group A side chain that varies between different amino acids Assign the names of these amino acids to 20 different alphabets The technique that you are going to use to remember all these are given…
Case Reports 
Postpartum Eclampsia : Case Discussion
History 23yrs/F non-diabetic, non-hypertensive, non-smoker, non-alcoholic primigravida was admitted to Obstetric ward on with the chief complaints of: Cessation of menstruation X 9 months Decreased fetal movement X 6 hours LMP 2072/04/12 EDD 2073/01/19 GA 41 WOG Examination
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Complement Pathway – Explained
The complement system is composed of about 20 different proteins released into the blood after production in the liver. They interact in coordinated and regulated way to produce biologically active protein products. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT CASCADE The complement cascade can be activated in 3 ways: C3 and C3 CONVERTASE All of…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Mnemonic based approach to grading and planning treatment for BPH
MNEMONIC: FUNWISE During the last 1 month, how often/many times you had to – 1. Frequency: Urinate again <2 hours after you finished urinating ? 2. Urgency: Difficulty in postponing the urine ? 3. Nocturia: Get up to urinate from bedtime to wakeup ? 4. Weak stream: Weak urinary stream…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Urea Cycle and Defects with Mnemonics
Mnemonic for Urea Cycle Intermediates Orange Cola, Coffee, Alcohol of Argentina For Aggressive Urine Orange: Ornithine Cola: Carbamoyl Phosphate Coffee: Citrulline Alcohol: Aspartate (enters cycle) Argentina: Arginosuccinate For: Fumarate (leaves cycle) Aggressive: Arginine Urine: Urea (leaves cycle) Structure of Urea NH2-CO-NH2 (1 amide from aspartate and 1 from ammonia) Amide…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation : Mnemonic
General concepts of ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation: 1. Occurs in cell cytosol: Glycolysis 2. Occurs in mytochondrial matrix: Kreb’s (TCA) cycle 3. Occurs in mitochondrial inner membrane: ETC – Stepwise movement of electrons from high energy to low energy that activates proton pump which transports proton from the mitochondrial matrix to mitochondrial inter-membrane and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis: Mnemonics
It is not necessary to memorize each and every step of the process. We will only look into the major events. A. Meaning: Glyco (Sugar) + Lysis (Breaking or splitting) B. Synonyms: Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EM Pathway) C. Site: Cytoplasm D. Enzyme basics: Kinase: Adds or removes phosphate from substrate (uses…