EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER Incidence: In general, less industrialized nations tend to have lower rates of breast cancer, with Japan being an exception to this rule. The highest rates are seen in Europe and North America. Age at onset: Race: incidence is higher among white women than African- American woman, but the mortality is higher…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Germ Layer Derivatives – Mnemonics
Principle of Germ Layer Segmentation Ectoderm gives further rise to neuroectoderm and neural crest cells. Endoderm remains intact. Mesoderm gives further rise to paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres and 35 pairs of somites), intermediate mesoderm, and lateral mesoderm: General Rule for Germ Layer Derivatives Ectodermal derivatives: 1. Everything that makes you attractive: Skin, hair,…
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Omental Cake
Definition of Omental Caking Thickening of the omentum resulting from localized or diffuse infiltration of omental fat by soft tissue density mass is referred as “omental caking”. It is a radiological sign, which is often identified in CT scan. Involved Anatomical Structure in Omental Caking Greater Omentum – an extension of…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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Lhermitte’s Sign
Synonym: Lhermitte’s phenomenon, Barber chair phenomenon Definition of Lhermitte’s Sign Lhermitte’s sign (pronounced Ler-meets) is an electric shock-like sensations, spreading along the spine in a cervico-caudal direction and into the arms and legs felt upon active or passive flexion of the neck. Reverse Lhermitte’s Sign is defined when symptoms are…
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VOMIT Pathway – Propionyl CoA Intermediate
Propionyl CoA is a common intermediate in catabolism of essential amino acids and odd chain fatty acids. It is also called VOMIT pathway which stands for: Valine Odd chain fatty acids Methionine Isoleucine Threonine They enter TCA cycle – using PMS pathway: Propionyl CoA Methylmalonyl CoA Succinyl CoA Defects in…
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Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology
Definitions of Related Terms A) Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): It is the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, resulting in myocardial hypoxia and accumulation of waste metabolites. The components of IHD are: Stable Angina Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) B) Stable Angina: Pattern of chronic, predictable, transient chest discomfort during…
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Lipoprotein Metabolism Simplified
Lipoproteins Composition of Lipoproteins: Non-polar core – mainly triglycerides and cholesteryl esters Single surface layer – amphipathic phospholipids and cholesterol Apoprotein or Apolipoprotein Class Abbreviation Density Protein Lipid content Electrophoretic mobility Chylomicrons CM lowest lowest highest (exogenous triacylglycerol) don’t migrate Very low density lipoproteins VLDL .. .. .. (endogenous triacylglycerol)…
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Neutropenic Fever and Empiric Therapy
Synonym: Febrile Neutropenia Definition of Neutropenic Fever Fever: Single oral temperature ≥ 38.3 °c (101 °F) or ≥ 38 °c (100.4 °F) sustained over 1 hour Neutropenia: Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) <500 cells/cu.mm or ANC expected to fall <500/cu.mm in next 48 hours Profound neutropenia: ANC <100/cu.mm Prolonged neutropenia: Neutropenia for >7 days…