Synonyms: Spoon-shaped nails, Concave nails Definition of koilonychia: Loss of longitudinal and lateral convexity of the nail, with thinning and fraying of the distal portions. Conditions associated with koilonychia: Normal variant Soft nails with occupational damage Iron deficiency anemia Hemochromatosis Raynaud’s syndrome Psoriasis (Koilonychia with subungual keratosis) Mechanism of koilonychia in…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Dental eruption : Mnemonic
Primary teeth begin eruption at around 6 months and Permanent teeth at around 6 years. In general, lower tooth erupts before it’s upper counterpart with few exceptions (lower before upper rule). Age of 6-12 years is a period of mixed dentition (eruption of permanent 1st molar to eruption of 2nd…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Neurovascular Relations in Anatomy
Porta hepatis Mnemonic: DAVE From anterior to posterior: Ducts (right and left hepatic duct branches) Arteries (right and left hepatic artery branches) Vein (portal vein) Epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow) Femoral triangle or Scarpa’s triangle Mnemonic: NAVEL From lateral to medial Nerve (femoral nerve and femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Calot’s triangle : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Calot triangle, Cystohepatic triangle Boundaries: Cysto-hepatic triangle (Budde-Rocko triangle): Calot’s triangle as described in modern surgery: Mnemonic: 3 C 1. Cystic duct 2. Common hepatic duct 3. Cystic artery Contents: Importance: The cystic artery and the duct have to be clearly defined to obtain the ‘critical view of safety’. These…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Site of absorption of Vitamins, Minerals and Nutrients
Duodenum Calcium Thiamine Iron Protein Carbohydrate Jejunum/Proximal ileum Fat Vitamins A, D, E, K Water-soluble vitamins Folate Essential minerals Copper Zinc Phosphorous Magnesium Terminal ileum Vitamin B12 Bile salts Reference: The SAGES Manual: A Practical Guide to Bariatric Surgery edited by Ninh T. Nguyen, Eric DeMaria, Sayeed Ikramuddin, Matthew M. Hutter
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Long term PPI use : Associated risks
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are often self-prescribed by the patients and since PPIs are available over-the-counter, patients can have free access to them and for long periods of time, without seeking medical attention. Although guidelines for OTC use suggest a short course (2 week treatment) of PPIs in patients with typical…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Gastric Carcinoma : Quick Review
Etiology and Risk factors of Gastric Carcinoma Mnemonic: 14 “A”s Animal foods (smoked, cured or preserved – contains high nitroso- compounds) Anti-oxidant poor foods Acetaldehyde in Alcohol Acid peptic disease or Antigen i.e. H.pylori Atrophic gastritis and Achlorhydria Adenomatous polyps (precursor of intestinal type of gastric cancer) A type Blood group Asians…
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Levels of Medical Facilities in Peacekeeping Operations
Basic Level (Soldier level or Buddy-Aid) Immediate first-aid is provided by the nearest person-on-site (all personnel operating away from medical care must undergo standard first-aid training and carry personal and vehicular first-aid kits). Level 1 (Mobile/Battalion level) Provides immediate life-saving and resuscitation capabilities along with routine clinical care. Staffing: ATLS…