Optic disc changes in Glaucoma is one of the most frequently asked topics in Ophthalmology. However, students are often found to have difficulty in understanding and remembering them. Hence, I came up with an idea to illustrate them with schematic diagrams and mnemonics to simplify the topic. The diagrams are…
Author: Epomedicine
Case Reports 
Ophthalmology Spot Diagnosis: Buphthalmos
A. Synoynms: Hydrothalmos, Congenital glaucoma B. Definiton: Buphthalmos is the enlargement of the eye due to congenital glaucoma. C. Classification: True congenital glaucoma (Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) during intrauterine life) Infantile glaucoma (Birth to 3 years) Juvenile glaucoma (>3 years) D. Pathogenesis: Isolated trabeculo-dysgenesis: Absence of angle recess; iris inserted…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Epistaxis Basics : Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology
Synonyms: Nosebleed, Nasal bleeding Definition: Epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the nasal cavity. It ranges from minor blood-tinged mucus when blowing the nose to life-threatening hemorrhage. Epidemiology: Age: Bimodal distribution – common in <10 years and >60 years Season: Winter Anatomy and Physiology: Why is the nose prone to…
Emergency Medicine 
Do and Don’t during episode of seizure
During and after an episode of seizure, (epilepsy, fit or convulsion), here are few recommended things that you should do and you shouldn’t do. Dos Protect the person from injury- remove harmful objects from nearby Place something soft such as folded sweater below the head Help the person to breath…
Case Reports 
Basal Cell Adenoma of Parotid Gland: Case Report and Review of Literature
Bidhan Sigdel, Sulabh Shrestha, Amrit Devkota Fourth Year MBBS, KISTMCTH ABSTRACT Basal Cell Adenoma (BCA) accounts for 1-2% of salivary gland tumor .BCA is rare benign epitheloid neoplasm of salivary gland, which was first described and documented as distinct clinical and pathological entity by Kleinsasser and Klein in 1967 and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
ECG changes in Pericarditis
Synonyms: Acute pericarditis, Viral pericarditis, Infectious pericarditis Definition: Diffuse inflammation of the pericardial lining surrounding the heart and characterized by sharp pleuritic, retrosternal chest pain worsened with recumbency and relieved by leaning forwards. Causes of Pericarditis: a. Infectious: Viral: Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, Influenza, HIV, Mumps virus Bacterial: Staphylococcus, Hemophilus,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
ECG changes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Synonyms: Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD), Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease (COAD), Smoker’s lung Definition: COPD is a lung disease characterized by airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70%) that is not fully reversible (FEV1 increase of 200 ml and 12% improvement above baseline FEV1 following administration of…
Acute Dacryocystitis : Clinical review
Definition: Acute dacryocystitis is the inflammation of the lacrimal sac which usually occurs in very young children or > 40 years Microbiology of Acute Dacryocystitis: Congenital: Hemophilus influenzae (acute – rare), Others (chronic) Adults: Acute: Staphylococcus aureus, Beta-hemolytic streptococci Chronic: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans Etiology of Acute Dacryocystitis: 1. Congenital:…