Synonyms: Bulbospongiosus reflex (BSR), Osinski reflex Reflex arc: a. Stimulus: Briskly squeezing glans penis or clitoris or Tugging Foley’s catheter (pulling the balloon of foley’s catheter against the bladder neck) b. Afferent: Sensory fibers of pudendal nerve c. Reflex center: S2-S4 spinal segments (Polysynaptic) d. Efferent: Motor fibers of pudendal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Micturition reflex
Micturition (Urination) is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is a type of reflex with voluntary control. The micturition cycle occurs in 2 phases: Urinary Storage Mnemonic: Storage = Sympathetic 1. Stimulus: Urine filling until tension in the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Synovial Fluid Analysis – Made Easy
What investigations to order for synovial fluid sample? Mnemonic: 5 Cs Chemistry (pH, LDH, glucose, protein) Cell counts Cytology Culture Crystals Interpretation of synovial fluid analysis Gross Normal Non-inflammatory Inflammatory Septic Crystal Hemorrhagic Volume (ml) <3.5 >3.5 >3.5 >3.5 >3.5 >3.5 Viscosity High High Low Variable Variable Variable Color Colorless…
Case Reports 
Partial Exchange transfusion for Neonate with Polycythemia
A Late preterm, 36 weeks by gestation and small for gestation age was delivered via Cesarean section for Oligohydramnios. At birth the Apgar was 9/10, 9/10 and the baby was shifted to mother side and planned for Sugar monitoring. Hemoglobin and Packed cell volume was sent at 2 hours.Baby was…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Sectoral Sign : AVN hip
The rotation of the hip must be assessed both with the hip in flexion and extension as well. In general, the range of motion for rotations are 5 to 10 degrees more in flexion compared to that in extension of hip. If the range of motion for rotation varies between…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
History Taking : A Basic Clinical Skill
As a Doc. whenever you treat a patient, the success of treatment depends upon whether you come up with the right diagnosis or at least a right set of differential diagnoses. To achieve the above mention goal the KEY is EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. And I can talk to you for an…
Blog 
Risks to Babies born to Diabetic Mothers
Diabetes in a mother can either occur before the pregnancy – pregestational diabetes or during the pregnancy – gestational diabetes. High blood sugar level in mother is not just harmful to her but also to the baby developing in her womb. HAZARDS DURING INTRAUTERINE LIFE 1. Congenital Anomalies or Birth…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Blood Supply of Talus
3 Main Arteries Extraosseous and intraosseous anastomoses formed by 3 main arteries: Posterior tibial artery ~ 17% contribution Anterior tibial (dorsalis pedis) artery ~ 36% contribution Perforating peroneal artery ~ 47% contribution Major Branches Tarsal sinus artery: Arises from – Dorsalis pedis artery (frequently) or Lateral tarsal artery (branch of…