Order of decreasing wavelength Mnemonic: CHyNa PuRE The laser tissue interaction can be remembered in the reverse order using the mnemonic ACiDiTy. Carbon dioxide (CO2): 10600 (photoThermal) Holmium YAG: 2100 (photoDisruption) Nd:YAG: 1064 (photoDisruption) Pulsed dye laser: 585-600 (photoChemical) aRgon green: 514 (photoChemical) Excimer: 193 (photoAblation) Indications of Laser aRgon…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Definitions, Criteria and Classifications in Osteomyelitis
Morrey and Peterson’s Definition of Osteomyelitis Definite osteomyelitis: Positive bone or adjacent soft tissue culture or histologic evidence Probable osteomyelitis: Positive blood culture + Clinical & radiological evidence of osteomyelitis Likely osteomyelitis: Typical clinical and radiographic features of osteomyelitis responding to antibiotic therapy (in absence of positive culture) Peltola and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Column Concept of Acetabulum
2 Column Concept or Principle of Acetabulum (Letournel and Judet) According to this concept, “C” shaped acetabular structure is contained between the limbs of lamda [λ] or inverted “y”. The longer limb represents anterior column and the shorter limb represents the posterior column. The anterior and posterior walls are extensions…
Emergency Medicine 
Open Pelvic fractures – Classification
General principles and classification of open fractures have been discussed earlier. The Gustillo-Anderson classification commonly used for the long bone fractures might not be suitable for open pelvic fractures. Jones-Powell classification It is based on the mechanical stability of the pelvic ring and the potential contamination of the open wound….
Blog 
The Use of Stem Cell Treatment in Patients with Cerebral Palsy
At present, nearly 10,000 babies are born with cerebral palsy (CP) every year, with an estimated 764,000 children and adults displaying at least one symptom of the condition, according to the Cerebral Palsy Alliance. While significantly less data is available pertaining to the incidence of CP in Nepal, the symptoms, causes, and…
Blog 
Tips to help you cope with the pain of Multiple Sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) will inevitably face pain at some time in their journey. Unfortunately, there is no one relief that works for all. However, there are a variety of things you can try to help. Continue reading for our top tips which we hope will help you to…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Antibiotic Spectrums : Cheat sheet
Gram positive and Gram negative Amoxicillin-clavulanate Tazobactam-piperacillin Carbapenem: Ertapenen, Imipenem, Meropenem Cefuroxime Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone Anaerobes Amoxicillin-clavulanate Tazobactam-piperacillin Carbapenems Clindamycin Metronidazole Pseudomonas Tazobactam-piperacillin Carbapenems (except Ertapenem) Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefepime Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin Ciprofloxacin Colistin Aztreonam Only gram positive Vancomycin Teicoplanin Linezolid Daptomycin Only gram negative Ceftazidime Colistin Aztreonam “Non-culturable” bacteria Macrolides:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Finger Extensor Apparatus – Simplified
Synonyms: Extensor expansion, Extensor hood, Dorsal expansion, Dorsal hood, Dorsal aponeurosis Components: Extrinsic tendons Intrinsic tendons Soft-tissue stabilizing structures Extrinsic tendon Extensor Digitorum Communis (EDC; may be absent in little fingers) ± Extensor Indicis Proprius (EIP; usually ulnar to EDC) ± Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM; ulnar to EDC) passes dorsally…