Plasma cell dyscrasia refers to an abnormal proliferation of plasma cells that usually secrete a monoclonal immunoglobulin. A) CLINICAL FEATURES Features vary among various conditions: Mnemonic: CRAB Infection 1. Calcium increased: Hypercalcemia Nephrocalcinosis and
Tag: Pediatrics
Section Editor: Dr. Sujit Kumar Shrestha, MD Pediatrics, Fellowship Neonatology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cardiac (Heart) Failure Made Easy (Pathophysiology and Diagnosis)
DEFINITION OF CARDIAC FAILURE It is a state in which there is: a. Forward failure: inability of heart to maintain cardiac output sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of peripheral tissues AND/OR b. Backward failure: ability to do so with elevated filling pressure PATHOGENESIS OF CARDIAC FAILURE 1. Myocyte loss…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Ebola Virus Disease
Author: Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, KISTMCTH The “Red Death” had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and its seal—the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Bronchiectasis Revision Notes
DEFINITION OF BRONCHIECTASIS Bronchiectais refers to the end-stage of variety of pathologic processes characterized by abnormal, irreversibly dilated thick-walled bronchi due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of bronchial wall. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF BRONCHIECTASIS Mnemonic: CVS 1. Cylindircal (Fusiform):
Emergency Medicine 
Status Epilepticus and Neonatal seizures : Updated Management
Terminologies Related with Status Epilepticus 1. Seizure: Abnormal or excessive neuronal discharge causing a transient disturbance of cerebral function. 2. Epilepsy: A condition characterized by recurrent (≥2) unprovoked seizures. 3. Status Epilepticus (SE): a. Conventional definition: 2 fits occur without recovery of consciousness in between or a single fit lasts longer than…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Febrile Seizure : Clinical approach
A) General consideration: Febrile seizures are seizures during fever occuring between 6 months and 5 years of age in absence of: CNS infections Abnormal neurologic findings Types of febrile seizure: Simple febrile seizure: Solitary Brief (< 15 minutes) Within 24 hours of onset of fever Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure (GTCS)…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Nutritional History Made Easy
Energy Requirement 1. For a child with normal body weight: 100 Kcal/kg for 1st 10 kg Add 50 Kcal/kg for next 10 kg Add 20 Kcal/kg for body weight additional to 20 kgs 2. By age: For ≤ 1 year: 100 Kcal/kg/day Every additional years till puberty: Add 100 Kcal/year…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Acute Diarrhea – Approach
There is no standard definition of diarrhea. Diarrhea may be defined with one or combination of the following criterion: Change in consistency of stool: Increased water-content Increase in freqency of stool: >3 times per day Increase in weight of stool: >200 grams per day or >10 grams/kg/day Among all these,…