Pathophysiology Mnemonic: ABC Classification Lab Diagnosis
Tag: Pediatrics
Section Editor: Dr. Sujit Kumar Shrestha, MD Pediatrics, Fellowship Neonatology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
AKI RIFLE Criteria Mnemonic
Stage GFR criteria Urine output criteria Mnemonic 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1. Risk Cr ↑ 1.5-2 XGFR ↓ 25-50% (>1/4) <0.5 ml/kg/hr X 6-12 (>1/4 day) 2. Injury Cr ↑ 2-3 XGFR ↓ >50-75% (>2/4) <0.5 ml/kg/hr X >12-24 hrs (>2/4 day) 3. Failure Cr ↑ >3…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Patau Syndrome : Mnemonic
Chromosomal abnormality Count the letters in “Patau Syndrome”. There are 13 letters. Patau syndrome is Trisomy 13. Clinical features Mnemonic: PATAU
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Refeeding Syndrome : Mnemonics
Risk factors Mnemonic: ABCD Pathophysiology Mnemonic: PPM Malnourished (depleted intracellular Phosphate, Potassium, Magnesium) → Refeeding → Increased glucose load → Insulin spikes → Drives PPM into cells → Hypophosphatemia (major abnormality), hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia Prevention If patient hasn’t not eaten for >5 days, aim to refeed at <50% energy and protein…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) Grading : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: Upset Kidneys Drink Their Pee Grade 1: reflux up to Ureter (w/o dilation) Grade 2: reflux up to Kidneys (w/o dilation) Grade 3: Dilation (ureter/pelvis/calyces) Grade 4: Tortuosity (and worse dilation) Grade 5: Papillary impression loss Source: Tweet from Ben Abelson
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Severity Scores for Acute Pancreatitis : Mnemonics
Modified Glasgow-Imrie Score Severe pancreatitis likely: 3 or more of the following within 48 hours of symptom onset Mnemonic: PANCREAS Mnemonic Criteria Positive when P PaO2 <60 mmHg A Age >55 years N Neutrophils (WBC) >15,000/cu.mm C Calcium <2 mmol/l R RFT (Urea) >16 mmol/l E Enzyme (LDH/AST) LDH >600…
Case Reports 
A case of EA/TOF (esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula)
Case summary A female neonate was born via emergency cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. The indication of LSCS was polyhydramnios with fetal bradycardia. The birth weight of the neonate was 1700 grams following which the baby was shifted to NICU for observation. I, as a surgical resident was…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approach and management of pediatric hydronephrosis
Pediatric hydronephrosis is a broad term and encompasses various spectrum of disease. It can be broadly classified into: Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) It accounts for 1-3% of all pregnancies (Shamshirsaz et.al;2012) and the incidence will continue to rise due to increase use of prenatal ultrasound scan. USG is the mainstay of…