All follicular except large cell: Low grade All diffuse: Intermediate grade Blastic and non-cleaved: High grade
Tag: Oncology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastric Carcinoma : Quick Review
Etiology and Risk factors of Gastric Carcinoma Mnemonic: 14 “A”s Animal foods (smoked, cured or preserved – contains high nitroso- compounds) Anti-oxidant poor foods Acetaldehyde in Alcohol Acid peptic disease or Antigen i.e. H.pylori Atrophic gastritis and Achlorhydria Adenomatous polyps (precursor of intestinal type of gastric cancer) A type Blood group Asians…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma) : Quick review
Wilm’s tumor is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood. Origin: Embryonic nephrogenic (mesodermal) cells Mechanism: Deletion of WT-1 gene on chromosome 11 Pathology: a. Macroscopic (Gross): large, solitary tan to grey color mass; pale on cut section with areas of hemorrhage; 10% are bilateral or multicentric; grossly difficult…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) : Quick review
Follow-up protocol Post-Evacuation of Molar Pregnancy Weekly hCG measurements until hCG becomes undetectable Once hCG is undetectable, 2 further specimens should be obtained at weekly intervals Then monthly for 6 months and then Every 2 months for a further 6 months Diagnosis of GTN The diagnosis of GTN is made…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pathology of Ovarian Tumors – Quick Review
The latest TNM and FIGO staging for Ovarian Cancer has been discussed earlier here. Here, we will discuss pathology of ovarian tumors in short and in a way thats easy to grasp. WHO Classification of Ovarian Tumors Cells of origin Surface coelomic epithelium Germ cells Sex cord, stromal cells Metastatic…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) – Quick Review
This article is in response to the request made by a reader in the comment section. Today, we will try to simplify the biliary tree cancers. Classification of Cholangiocarcinoma Second-order bile ducts act as the separation point between intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A. Inhtrahepatic – 10 to 20% B. Extrahepatic…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rosettes in Pathology
Rosette refers to a decoration or pattern resembling a rose. In pathology, rosette refers to aa halo or “spoke-wheel” arrangement of cells around a central structure especially in neoplasms of neuroblastic or neuroectoderma origin. The central structure can be: a. Empty lumen: True ependymal rosette Well differentiated ependymomas (minority of cases)…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain
Recommendations for Prescribing Opioid in Chronic pain 1. 1st line of therapy in chronic pain outside of active cancer, palliative or end of life care must be nonpharmacologic therapy and nonopioid pharmacologic. Consider opioid therapy in combination with nonpharmacologic or nonopioid pharmacologic therapy if benefits outweighs risk. 2. Ordinarily 2…