Synonyms: Marble bone disease Albers-Schonberg disease (Autosomal dominant form) Mnemonic: OSTEOPETROSIS Osteoclast dysfunction (Carbonic anhydrase II gene mutation or chloride channel dysfunction) Symmetric skeletal sclerosis Thickened cortex with loss of medullary canal diameter (bone in bone appearance) Extramedullary hematopoiesis (aplastic anemia and hepatosplenomegaly) Overgrowth of skull foramina (cranial nerve palsies)…
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rickets Made Easy
Types Type Pathology 25(OH) D 1,25(OH)2 D PTH Ca PO4 ALP Additional clinical findings Treatment Vitamin D deficiency (Nutritional) Hypovitaminosis D 🡢 Hypocalcemia 🡢 Secondary hyperparathyroidism 🡢 Rise of serum calcium towards normal level ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓/= ↓ ↑ Rachitic rosaryBowing of kneesMuscle hypotoniaWaddling gaitDental diseaseLooser zones/Milkman’s fracture (pseudofracture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Calcium Metabolism
Functions Mnemonic: Six ‘C’s Contraction of muscles (Coupling of excitation-contraction) Conduction in nerves Cardiac function Coagulation in blood (Co-factor) Communication (intracellular messengers) for hormones, autacoids and transmitters Cementing (mineralization) of bone – Compressive strength Distribution Average young adult = 1200 gm calcium 99% in bone as calcium hydroxyapatite 1% in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Hawkin’s Classification for Talus Fractures : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: NISA 10-50-90-100 Type I – Non-displaced Neck fracture (upto 10% risk of AVN) 1 blood vessel damaged (entering talar neck) Management: 8 weeks in cast and 4 weeks in CAM cast Type II – Type I + Inferior (subtalar) subluxation/dislocation (upto 50% risk of AVN) 2 blood vessels damaged…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Mortarmen’s knee
Synonym: Adult onset tibial tubercle exostoses History: Pain over anterior surface of upper tibia Pain during running, jumping, squatting, kneeling and descending stairs Usually no history of trauma, anterior knee pain or Osgood-Schlatter disease Physical examination: Tenderness over hypertrophic tibial tubercle Quadriceps tightness (Ely’s test) X-rays: AP, lateral and tangential…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Osteoid Osteoma : Mnemonic
Epidemiology and Clinical features Mnemonic: LMNOP Lower extremity predilection (proximal femur > tibial diaphysis) Male predilection (2:1 to 3:1) Night pain relieved by NSAIDs (absent in osteoblastoma) Osteogenic benign tumor Prostaglandins (PGE2) and Cyclooxygenase (COX1 and 2) release by nidus (explains night pain and response to NSAIDs) 3 Concentric layers…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Fibromyalgia : Mnemonic Approach
Clinical Features Mnemonic: FIBRO 1. Fatigue: 80-90% Feeling “overwhelming tiredness” or “completely washed out” Less prominent than in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2. Fibrofog: Dyscognition or Cognitive impairment e.g. trouble concentrating, forgetfulness, and disorganized or slow thinking 3. Insomnia: 90% Non-restorative sleep rather than insomnia 4. Blues: Depression and anxiety 5….
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Ely’s test
Rectus femoris is the only Quadriceps muscle that cross the hip joint and act as a hip flexor and knee extensor. When the rectus femoris is shortened/tightened, it tends to pull the pelvis forward into anterior pelvic tilt and also forces the knee into hyperextension. Ely’s test: Patient is positioned…