Features of Osteochondroma Mnemonic: Six “C” Commonest benign bone tumor Continue to grow until Closure of physis Cartilage cap (appears larger clinically than in X-ray) Continuous with native bone (cortex and medullary canal) Cane (pedunculated/stalked points away from joint and sessile/broad based have higher risk of malignant degeneration) Change (mutation)…
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rheumatoid hand
Ulnar drift or deviation of fingers Normal anatomical factors contributing to ulnar drift of fingers at MCP joint: Normal mechanical advantage of ulnar intrinsic muscles Asymmetry and ulnar slope of metacarpal heads of index and middle fingers Greater ulnar deviation permitted by radial collateral ligament when MCP joint is flexed…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Compartments, Muscles and Fasciotomy of the leg
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Anterior compartment 1. Tibialis anterior (TA) Superior 2/3 lateral surface of tibia Medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal Dorsiflexion, foot inversion Deep peroneal nerve (L5) 2. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) Superior 2/3 of fibula and interosseous membrane Middle and distal phalanx, lateral 4 toes Dorsiflexion, toe extension…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Arthrodesis Positions
Arthrodesis is the surgical fusion of a diseased joint for the purposes of obtaining pain relief and stability. The bones are fused in a position permitting most useful function but lose their natural motion. Shoulder Flexion: 30° Abduction: 20° Internal rotation: 40° Elbow One side: 90° Both side: One in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Paget’s Disease of bone : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Osteitis deformans Collage of matrix madness Mnemonic: Sixteen “P”s 1. Paramyxovirus infection and inclusions in osteocalsts 2. Pain (most common symptom – localized fractures or nerve compressions) 3. Pelvis (most common site) 4. Polyostotic (more common; 85%) 5. Phases: Active (lytic, mixed, sclerotic) and Inactive 6. Plasma volume expansion…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Osteopetrosis : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Marble bone disease Albers-Schonberg disease (Autosomal dominant form) Mnemonic: OSTEOPETROSIS Osteoclast dysfunction (Carbonic anhydrase II gene mutation or chloride channel dysfunction) Symmetric skeletal sclerosis Thickened cortex with loss of medullary canal diameter (bone in bone appearance) Extramedullary hematopoiesis (aplastic anemia and hepatosplenomegaly) Overgrowth of skull foramina (cranial nerve palsies)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rickets Made Easy
Types Type Pathology 25(OH) D 1,25(OH)2 D PTH Ca PO4 ALP Additional clinical findings Treatment Vitamin D deficiency (Nutritional) Hypovitaminosis D 🡢 Hypocalcemia 🡢 Secondary hyperparathyroidism 🡢 Rise of serum calcium towards normal level ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓/= ↓ ↑ Rachitic rosaryBowing of kneesMuscle hypotoniaWaddling gaitDental diseaseLooser zones/Milkman’s fracture (pseudofracture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Calcium Metabolism
Functions Mnemonic: Six ‘C’s Contraction of muscles (Coupling of excitation-contraction) Conduction in nerves Cardiac function Coagulation in blood (Co-factor) Communication (intracellular messengers) for hormones, autacoids and transmitters Cementing (mineralization) of bone – Compressive strength Distribution Average young adult = 1200 gm calcium 99% in bone as calcium hydroxyapatite 1% in…