Muscles Intrinsic Extrinsic Alter the shape of tongue Attaches tongue to the bone Mnemonic: VIST Mnemonic: Paris St. German Hour 1. Vertical 1. Palatoglossus (Palate) – anatomically a pharyngeal muscle 2. Inferior longitudinal 2. Styloglossus (Styloid) 3. Superior longitudinal 3. Genioglossus (Genial tubercle of mandible) 4. Transverse 4. Hyoglossus (Hyoid)…
Tag: Anatomy
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Laryngeal Muscles : Mnemonics
Extrinsic muscles Nerve supply: Ansa cervicalis (CN XII + C1, C2, C3) Infrahyoid muscles (Depressors of larynx): Mnemonic: TOSS Suprahyoid muscles (Elevators of larynx): Mnemonic: MDGS Intrinsic muscles Muscles Origin Insertion Function Thyroepiglotticus Thyroaryetenoid muscle Epiglottis (lateral surface) Opens laryngeal inlet Aryepiglotticus Oblique arytenoid muscle Epiglottis Closes laryngeal inlet Posterior…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroid Gland Blood Supply : Mnemonics
Arterial supply Arterial anastomosis Venous drainage The venous plexus lies beneath the true capsule (peripheral condensation of fibrous stroma of gland). Hence, during thyroidectomy, thyroid gland is removed along with the true capsule to avert the hemorrhage. False capsule (pre-tracheal fascia) is left intact. Thyroid Arteries and Laryngeal Nerves Mnemonic:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Fasciae of the Neck
Superficial cervical fascia Contents: Deep cervical fascia or Fascia colli 1. Investing layer 2. Pretracheal layer 3. Carotid sheath: Formed anteriorly by pretracheal fascia and posteriorly by prevertebral fascia Encloses: Relations: 4. Pharyngobasilar fascia (deep to pharynx): lines the inner surface of pharyngeal muscles 5. Prevertebral layer Spread of Infections…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Posterior Cranial Fossa : Mnemonic
Boundaries Foramina Mnemonic: IJHM (International Journal of Hospitality Management) from lateral to medial 1. Internal acoustic meatus (IAM) 2. Jugular foramen Mnemonic: IPS 9, 10, 11IPS + SS = IJV 3. Hypoglossal canal 4. foramen Magnum Contents Clinical consideration Pediatric posterior fossa tumors: Cerebellar tonsil herniation: Herniation of pons and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Anterior Cranial Fossa : Mnemonic
Boundaries Contents Mnemonic: Remember 6 ‘C’ 1. Frontal Crest: Site of attachment of falx cerebri 2. Foramen Cecum (Between frontal crest and crista galli): Site of communication between the draining veins of nasal cavity and the superior sagittal sinus 3. Crista galli: Site of attachment for falx cerebri 4. Cribiform…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Surgical Anatomy of Diaphragm
Diaphragm is a thoracoabdominal organ which is musculotendinous. It is the primary muscle of respiration. Extension: There are 2 crura of diaphragm: 3 ligaments: Quadratus lumborum muscle is related to lateral arcuate whereas psoas muscle is related to medial arcuate ligament. The foramen of Morgagni shown in the above picture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
Origin: Tibial nerve (both medial and lateral plantar nerve) Similar to: Course and innervation: Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve Origin Larger branch of tibial nerve Smaller branch of tibial nerve Course Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd plantar layers Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd…