When ever we talk about outcomes, we tend to only regard survival as the outcome. “The patient survived, our ICU mortality has come down. We have saved extremely low birth weight baby…’ and so on. But survival is not the only outcome we should be aiming for. A survival without…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Non-invasive Prenatal Screening
Quick review/Mnemonic: PAPP-A is decreased in all trisomies.Nuchal translucency is increased in all trisomies. Inhibin A is only increased in Down’s syndrome.Beta-HCG is increased in Down’s syndrome. All triple test results decreased in Edward syndrome. Only AFP is increased in NTDs and abdominal wall defects. Acetylcholinesterase level increased in Amniotic…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
List of Osteochondritis of Different Bones
Osteochondritis of the capitulum of humerus (elbow): panner’s disease Osteochondritis of the lunate bone: keinbock’s disease Osteochondritis of the femoral head: perthe’s disease Osteochondritis of lateral part of medial femoral condyle: osteochondritis dissecans Osteochondritis of the tibial tubercle: osgood schlatter’s disease Osteochondritis of lower part of patella: sinding larsen johansson…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Hip and Shoulder Deformities
HIP Flexion, Abduction, External rotation (FABER) + apparent lengthening: Synovitis Flexion, Abduction, External rotation (FABER) + true lengthening: Anterior dislocation of hip (Obturator) Extension+ Abduction + External rotation (EABER): Anterior dislocation of hip (Superior or Pubic) Flexion, Adduction, Internal rotation (FADIR) + true shortening: Arthritis, Posterior dislocation of hip Flexion,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Revised Jone’s Criteria – Mnemonic
Remember SPACE LEAF for Revised Jone’s Criteria (2015). Major criteria Mnemonic: SPACE Subcutaneous nodules Pancarditis Arthritis (Polyarthritis; for moderate to high-risk population – monoarthritis also qualifies) Chorea Erythema marginatum Minor criteria Mnemonic: LEAF Long PR interval ESR ≥ 60mm/hr (or ≥ 30mm/hr in moderate to high-risk population) and CRP ≥…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Bartter, Gitelmann and Liddle syndrome
The order of the nephron defects in Bartter, Gitelmann and Liddle syndrome follows alphabetical order. Bartter: Thick ascending LOHGitelmann: Distal tubuleLiddle: Collecting duct a. Bartter syndrome: Thick ascending Loop of Henle (LOH) Defect in Na-2K-Cl transporter (like loop diuretics) NaCl wasting, Hypercalciuria and mild hypomagnesemia Mnemonic: Loop diuretics lose calcium…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
Murmurs Made Easy
Mnemonic: SSSS Stenotic lesion of Semilunar valve and Septal defect cause Systolic murmur. From this, you should also be able to remember that regurgitant lesions of semilunar valve causes Diastolic murmur. The stenotic lesions of atrio-ventricular valve causes diastolic murmur and regurgitant lesions cause systolic murmur. Causes of systolic murmur:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Decorticate and Decerebrate Rigidity – Mnemonics
Rubrospinal tract mediates flexor of the upper arm. Here is a way to remember these two postures and never forget again. Decerebrate has more “E” and more “R”. Extended upper limbs Rubrospinal tract transected (Red nucleus is above the level of lesion, i.e. below midbrain level) Decorticate has “COR”. Upper…