Deterioration in eye health has become an accepted part of aging, and most of us will experience vision problems at one point in our lives. Some eye problems are irreversible and while others can improve with treatment. Catching an eye health condition in its early stages will maximize your chances…
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Does Saliva Cause Covid-19 Infection?
Saliva is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is composed of 98% water and 2% electrolytes, mucus, WBCs, epithelial cells, enzymes such as amylase and lipase. Saliva contributes to the digestion of food and maintenance of oral hygiene. It coats the…
USMLE
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UFAP : the gold resource of USMLE Step 1
Since 2022 January, the scoring system of USMLE has been changed to Pass or Fail, over 3 digit numerical score result given previously, as announced by ECFMG on their website. The change has taken into effect. What student must know is, passing USMLE is not an easy thing, you need…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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Ely’s test
Rectus femoris is the only Quadriceps muscle that cross the hip joint and act as a hip flexor and knee extensor. When the rectus femoris is shortened/tightened, it tends to pull the pelvis forward into anterior pelvic tilt and also forces the knee into hyperextension. Ely’s test: Patient is positioned…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Approach to a Child with Short Stature
Definition of Short Stature Short stature refers to the height below 3rd Centile or 2 Standard Deviations (-2 SD) or more below the mean height for chronological age and gender for the standard population. When height is >-3 SD it’s most likely pathological. Assessment of Short stature 1. Accurate height…
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5 Impressive Benefits Of Taking Vitamins
As adults, we are often reminded that we are not as healthy as we think. Our modern lives take such a toll on our bodies that we don’t even realise how damaged we are until something big happens. We often think that because we go to the gym two or…
Emergency Medicine
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Bier Block
Named after: German Surgeon August Bier (first introduced the block in 1908) Definition: It is a peripheral intravenous local anesthetic block (IVRA; Intravenous Regional Anesthesia) of the upper limb using a pneumatic cuff technique Mechanism of action: Local anesthesia diffuses into the small veins surrounding the nerves and then into…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Atropine Induced Paradoxical Bradycardia
Atropine induced paradoxical bradycardia is the sinus bradyarrhythmia following low-dose atropine resulting from the paradoxical slowing in the sinoatrial (SA) node discharge rate. Mechanism of Atropine Induced Paradoxical Bradycardia Central vagotonic effect (blocking M1 acetylcholine receptors in parasympathetic ganglion controlling SA node) of atropine which, at higher doses, is masked…