Cannabinoids are compounds that can be found in cannabis plants. There are many different cannabinoids and the ones that Marijuana plant are called Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, which gives off a “high” feeling. Cannabis plants that are grown for their medicinal and therapeutic properties are called hemp and they contain a…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Le Fort Fractures : Mnemonics
Le Fort fractures are the fractures that separate mid-face from the skull. Classification All of these subtypes involve a fracture of the pterygoid plate. LeFort type Fracture configuration Mnemonic Mnemonic I Horizontal Floating palate Speak no evil – fracture through maxilla just above roots of teeth (affects speaking) II Pyramidal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptors : Mnemonics
Location Alpha = Arteries and smooth muscles Beta = Beats or Breaths Types and Action 1 = Contract 2 = Dilate Receptors Alpha 1: Alpha 2: Beta 1: Mnemonic: We have 1 HEART Beta 2: Mnemonic: We have 2 LUNGS Beta 3: Mnemonic: 3 = Triglyceride
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Glucagonoma : 6 D’s
Glucagonoma is an alpha-cell tumor of pancreas. Mnemonic: 6 D’s 1. Diabetes 2. Dermatitis (Necrolytic migratory erythema) 3. Declining weight 4. Diarrhea 5. Deep vein thrombosis 6. Dilated cardiomyopathy
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Thyroid Tumors : Mnemonics
Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Mnemonic: MENACED Anaplastic carcinoma
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastric Acid Secretion in Parietal cells: Mechanism
Key player: H+/K+ ATPase or “proton pump” (in canalicular membrane of parietal cells) a. Hydrogen ions are generated within the parietal cell from dissociation of water. The hydroxyl ions formed in this process rapidly combine with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate ion, a reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. b. Bicarbonate…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
ABG Interpretation Made Easy
Normal values Step 1: pH Step 2: pCO2 Step 3: HCO3- Step 4: Determine compensation If there is metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, determine if there is appropriate respiratory compensation: No respiratory compensation: Expected pCO2 = Measured pCO2 Respiratory compensation: Expected pCO2 ≠ Measure pCO2 Step 5: Delta ratio ΔAG /…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Coronary Arteries : Mnemonic
Right coronary artery (RCA) Course: Branches: Mnemonic: TRaP Me IN Large: Small: Left coronary artery (LCA) Course: Branches: Mnemonic: LaTe PAD Large: Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery – Small: Arterial supply of conducting system of heart 1. RCA: SA node, AV node, AV bundle 2. LCA: Right bundle branch of…