When little, you would ink pages with your thoughts hovering around your dream of wearing a white coat and hanging up a stethoscope; you wouldn’t wait a second to think before you answer that the ambition of your life is to become a doctor. But no one ever said being…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Facial Nerve Anatomy
SYNONYMS: Cranial nerve seven (VII), Nervus facialis Supranuclear pathways 1. Somatomotor cortex: controlling motor component of facial nerve lies in precentral gyrus (Broadmann area 4,6,8) 2. Volitional component: Corticonuclear tracts descend and cross to supply both ipsilateral and contralateral facial (mainly to the contralateral side) nucleus i.e. frontal branch components…
Case Reports 
Ophthalmology spot diagnosis : Rubeosis Iridis
Definition: Neovascularization of iris Pathophysiology: Causes that lead to retinal hypoxia triggers release of vasoproliferative factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and others Etiology: 1. Diabetic Retinopathy 2. Retinal Vascular Occlusive Diseases Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) Ischaemic Hemiretinal Vein Occlusion 3. Ocular Ischaemic Syndrome Carotid…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Histology of Cornea and Corneal Dystrophies
Prefix: kerat- Definition: The cornea is a transparent, avascular, watch-glass like structure which forms anterior one-sixth of the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball and covers iris, pupil and anterior chamber. Histology: It consists of 5 distinct layers which can be remembered using the mnemonic “ABCDE“:
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Uses of Fluorescein strips
Content: 1-2% fluorescein dye impregnated Method of use: Explain the procedure to the patient Ask the patient to look up Moisten the strip with a small amount of normal saline or anesthetic drops, without touching the dye impregnated end of the strip with dropper Gently touch the inside of the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Salmonella Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a hereditary disorder of hemoglobin synthesis caused by a mutation in the globin gene that changes the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine resulting in abnormal sickling (rigid, inflexibled and sickle-shaped) of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) under low oxygen conditions. Sickle cell anemia…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Understanding visual field defects in Glaucoma (Perimetry)
Introduction Field of vision or Visual field is defined as the area that is perceived while fixating one central target. According to traquair’s analogy, visual field is “an island of vision surrounded by a sea of darkness”. It is a 3D hill – peak being fovea and at ground level,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Carpal Tunnel Anatomy
Synonyms: Carpal canal Definition of Carpal Tunnel Carpal tunnel is an osseofibrous space on the palmar aspect of wrist extending from distal volar wrist crease to the mid-palm, which serves as a passageway to the palm for flexor tendons and the median nerve. Boundaries of Carpal Tunnel A. Roof: Flexor…