PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Somogyi effect and Dawn Phenomenon – Mnemonic
Both Somogyi effect and Dawn phenomenon are the cause of MORNING FASTING HYPERGLYCEMIA. Mnemonic: Somogyi = So Much InsulinDawn = Down Insulin a. Somogyi effect: Excess exogenous insulin → Middle night hypoglycemia → Release of counter-regulatory hormones → Rebound morning hyperglycemia b. Dawn effect: Normal release of morning hormones (growth…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Gastric Acid Secretion Made Easy
Steps for gastric acid secretion by parietal cells 1. H+ and HCO3- are produced from CO2 and H2O. 2. H+ is secreted into the lumen by H+/K+ ATPase pump. 3. HCO3- moves out of the cell, across the basolateral membrane via antiport with Cl-. 4. Cl- diffuses passively into the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) : Quick review
Follow-up protocol Post-Evacuation of Molar Pregnancy Weekly hCG measurements until hCG becomes undetectable Once hCG is undetectable, 2 further specimens should be obtained at weekly intervals Then monthly for 6 months and then Every 2 months for a further 6 months Diagnosis of GTN The diagnosis of GTN is made…