Hypertrophic scars and keloids are both raised, firm scars formed from excess fibrinogen production and collagen during healing. Mnemonic: BAD SCARS Mnemonic Basis Hypertrophic scar Keloid B Behavior Natural regression No spontaneous regressio A Acuteness Appears in weeks Appears over months to years D Demographic All races affected More prevalent…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Severity Scores for Acute Pancreatitis : Mnemonics
Modified Glasgow-Imrie Score Severe pancreatitis likely: 3 or more of the following within 48 hours of symptom onset Mnemonic: PANCREAS Mnemonic Criteria Positive when P PaO2 <60 mmHg A Age >55 years N Neutrophils (WBC) >15,000/cu.mm C Calcium <2 mmol/l R RFT (Urea) >16 mmol/l E Enzyme (LDH/AST) LDH >600…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
ALI and ARDS : Mnemonics
Diagnosis (Berlin Criteria) Mnemonic A R D S Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Acute onset (<7 days) Ratio PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mmHg or 40 kPa Diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on CXR Swan-Ganz pulmonary wedge pressure ≤18 mmHg or No evidence of Left atrial hypertension Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Acute onset (<7…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Surface Anatomy of Pleura and Lung
Surface Anatomy of Pleura Mnemonic: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 rule 1. Starts about 2 cm above the midpoint of medial 1/3 of clavicle. 2. Meet in the midline at rib 2. 3. Left side reaches sternal line at rib 4 (to make room for heart). 4. Right side…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Bilirubin Metabolism and Disorders
Bilirubin Metabolism Mnemonic: ABCDE 1. Aged RBCs (80-85%) 2. Breakdown to Biliverdin and Bilirubin (in reticuloendothelial system) 3. Circulation 4. Delivery to liver (Conjugation) 5. Excretion and Enterohepatic circulation Unconjugated Vs Conjugated Bilirubin Unconjugated bilirubin Conjugated bilirubin Van den Bergh reaction Indirect Direct Solubility Water insoluble; Lipid soluble Water soluble;…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Internal and External Jugular Veins with Mnemonics
Jugular veins are the veins that take blood from the head to the heart via Superior Venacava (SVC). Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) External Jugular Vein (EJV) Formation (Drains from) Inferior petrosal sinus + Sigmoid sinus (At or just distal to Jugular foramen) Posterior div. of retromandibular vein + Posterior auricular…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Male Reproductive Anatomy : Mnemonics
Penile Layers Mnemonic: ABCD (from inside to outside) 1. Albuginea (tunica albuginea): Envelopes 3 corporal bodies (2 cavernosa and 1 spongiosum) 2. Buck’s fascia: Separates corpora cavernosa from corpus spongiosum; separates superficial and deep dorsal veins of the penis 3. Colle’s fascia: Continuous with Scarpa’s fascia of abdomen and Dartos…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Branches of Celiac trunk, Superior and Inferior mesenteric arteries and veins
Celiac trunk (T12) Mnemonic: LHS (Left Hand Side) Supplies Foregut (Upto opening of bile duct in 2nd part of duodenum) 1. Left gastric artery 2. Hepatic artery (common) 3. Splenic artery Superior Mesenteric Artery (L1) Mnemonic: IMRIS Supplies Midgut (Upto proximal 2/3 of transverse colon) 1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 2….