Many students feel that, this is one of the most difficult to explain topic in Immunology. Here, we will try to explain the process and…
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Category: USMLE, PGMEE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
Clinically Relevant Cell Cycle
Stages of Cell Cycle Interphase 1. G1 (Gap 1) phase: Early and late phase divided by Restriction (R) point Functions: Preparation for DNA replication (synthesis…
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Mechanism of Apoptosis with Clinical relevance
Definition of Apoptosis Apoptosis is: Energy (ATP) – dependent, genetically Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in which, Cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear…
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Cellular Adaptations
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy and Metaplasia are the main four types of cellular adaptations. Adaptations are: Reversible changes In the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions…
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Understanding New Definition of Sepsis (Sepsis-3)
The Sepsis-2 definition used SIRS criteria and the term “Severe sepsis” which has been recently eliminated by the Sepsis-3. The new sepsis definitions recommend using…
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Complement System Simplified
The complement system is composed of about 20 different proteins released into the blood after production in the liver. They interact in coordinated and regulated way…
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Complications of Long Term Dialysis
A) Cardiovascular complications 1. Exacerbation or Precipitation of CHF – Voluminous AV Fistula AV shunting → Decreased TPR → BP fall → Sympathetic stimulation & RAAS activation → Ventricular remodeling…
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Management of Puerperium
Normal puerperium has been already discussed earlier here. A) Immediately after labor within 1 hour Blood pressure and heart rate atleast every 15 minutes Monitor…
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