Let’s unveil the mathematics behind the relation between: Prevalence (Pre-test probability) Predictive value (Post-test probability) Sensitivity Specificity SYMBOLS: Total screened population = nPrevalence = PSensitivity = SnSpecificity = SpTrue positive = TPTrue negative = TNFalse positive = FPFalse negative = FNWith disease = D+Without disease = D-Positive predictive value =…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Screening tests in Series and Parallel
A. Parallel testing 2 screening tests are applied simultaneously: So, this test will have: B. Series testing After the 1st screening test is conducted, those who test positive are only tested with the 2nd screening test: So, this test will have: Formulae for combined specificity and sensitivity A. Parallel testing:…
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Sustainable Development Goal 3 – Points to Remember
Total SDG goals: 17 Time frame: 2016-2030 Goal 3: Good health and well beings for all ages Important targets of Goal 3 (Targeted by 2030) A. Maternal and Child health (MCH) Mnemonic: 12 letters in “NEONATE DEATH or NEWBORN DEATH“. 1. NMR reduction target: 122. U5MR reduction target: 12 X…
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Key Health Indicators of Nepal to Remember (NDHS, 2022)
These rates, ratios and proportions are often questioned in PGMEE, pediatrics, obstetrics and preventive and social medicine (PSM) or community medicine examinations. NDHS = National Demographic and Health Survey a. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR): 21 per 1000 live births (i.e. 3/4 of infant deaths) b. Infant mortality rate (IMR): 28…
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Oncogenic Translocations to remember
t(8;14): Burkitt’s lymphoma t(14;18): Follicular lymphoma t(11;14): Mantle cell lymphoma t(11,18): Marginal zone lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) t(9;22): CML (Philadelphia chromosome), Bad prognosis ALL t(8;21): AML M2 t(15;17): AML M3 (Promyelocytic AML) t(X;18): Synovial cell sarcoma t(11;22): Ewing’s sarcoma t(12;21): Pre-B ALL (good prognosis ALL) t(4;11) and t(1;19): Bad prognosis ALL
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Cell-Cell or Interceullular Junctions
Junction Location Composition Function Remarks Tight junction (Zonula occludens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell Claudin and Occludin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Prevents paracellular movement of solutes and diffusion Adherens junction (Zonula adherens) Epithelial cell-Epithelial cell E-cadherin (attaches to cytoskeleton – actin filament) Belt desmosome (Anchoring) Cadherins are Ca2+ depndend adhesion…
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Which statistical test to use?
Steps: Types of data Mnemonic: NOIR Qualitative or Categorical data a. Nominal (relating to name): Groups e.g. gender (male/female), color (black/white), blood groups (A/B/AB/O), religions (hindu/muslim/christian) b. Ordinal (relating to order): Rank-ordered data but without meaningful difference; e.g. socio-economic status (low, middle and high), rank (1st, 2nd and 3rd)– without…
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Why is hepatitis E dangerous during pregnancy?
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is usually a self-limiting disease with a low rate of fulminant hepatic failure but maternal hepatitis E during the third trimester of pregnancy is a cause of fulminant hepatic failure with a mortality rate of upto 20%. Severe liver injury due to HEV in pregnancy…