As nations are getting the larger governments across the world are trying to do something to combat the problem. Obesity is becoming one of the biggest killers across the world and many of us are now trying to lose weight and get fitter as a result of this. The dieting…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Embryology of Eye : Mnemonic
Surface ectoderm derivatives Mnemonic: LEVeL Lens Epithelium All ocular adnexa including mebomian gland and glands of Zeis and Moll Skin Cornea Conjunctiva Vitreous (portion) Lacrimal glands and drainage system Neuro-ectoderm (Optic vesicle and cup) derivatives Mnemonic: MORE Muscles of pupil (constrictor and dilator pupillae) Optic nerve Retinal pigment epithelium Epithelium…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Sarcomere Structure : Mnemonic
Remember the sequence: Zahir Is A Hungry Man Z line (Zwischen = between [German]) I band A band H zone M line Z is the final alphabet: Z lines represents the end of sarcomere M for middle: M line represents the midline of sarcomere I is a thin letter: I…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Working formulation of NHL (Mnemonic)
All follicular except large cell: Low grade All diffuse: Intermediate grade Blastic and non-cleaved: High grade
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Tyrosinemia Enzymes : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: FAHeem TATtooes because of Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) Tyrosine is necessary for biosynthesis of catecholamines, thyroid hormones and melanin pigment. 1. Tyrosinemia type I (Tyrosinosis/Hepatorenal tyrosinemia): Enzyme defect: FAH (Fumaryl-acetoacetate hydroxylase) Last enzyme in the cycle Cabbage like odor Hepatocellular carcinoma Renal tubular acidosis Peripheral neuropathy 2. Tyrosinemia type II…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibitors
Vmax is the maximum velocity, or how fast the enzyme can go at full ‘‘speed.’’ Vmax is reached when all of the enzyme is in the enzyme–substrate complex. Km is the substrate concentration at which v = 1/2 Vmax. Km approximately describes the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acids : Simplified
Fatty Acid Activation (Cytoplasm) Before undergoing oxidation, fatty acid must be activated first by conversion into Acyl-CoA by the action of Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase (thiokinase). ATP is converted to AMP (not ADP) – 2 ATP equivalent used Uses Mg2+ as cofactor, Co-ASH and ATP Sites of Beta-oxidation A. Mitochondria: Short/Medium…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Fatty Acid Synthesis : Simplified
Enzymes: Fatty acid synthase (6 enzymes and 1 Acyl carrier protein molecule) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (rate-limiting enzyme) Starting material: For palmitate synthesis: Acetyl-CoA For odd number carbon long chain fatty acid synthesis: Propionyl-CoA 2 Carbon donor: Malonyl-CoA (donates 2 C and 1 C is thrown out as CO2) Site: Cytosol Citrate…