Clinical trials conduct ‘human experiments’. Three fundamental principles apply: Blinding: Phases: Mnemonic: I SWIM Phase Purpose Name Sample Blinding and control 0 Initial (Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics) Microdosing studies Healthy volunteers (smaller) No I Safe? (Safe maximum dose and tolerability) Human pharmacology and safety Healthy volunteers (larger) No II Works? (Efficacy)…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
Origin: Tibial nerve (both medial and lateral plantar nerve) Similar to: Course and innervation: Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve Origin Larger branch of tibial nerve Smaller branch of tibial nerve Course Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd plantar layers Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Clavipectoral Fascia
Extent: Function: Structures piercing the clavipectoral fascia: Mnemonic: CLAP Surgical relevance:
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Meckel’s Diverticulum : Rule of 2
General description Rule of 2s 1. Occurs in 2% population 2. Symptomatic cases are 2 times more common in males 3. Located within 2 feet proximal to ileocecal valve 4. 2 inches long and 2 cm diameter 5. 2 types of ectopic mucosa: gastric and pancreatic 6. Symptomatic only in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Bile duct injuries – Mnemonic
Strasberg and Bismuth classification A – bile leak from part ATTACHED to biliary tree (cystic duct or duct of Luschka) B – BLOCK in part of biliary tree C – bile leak from CUT-OFF duct (not in communication) with the biliary tree D – DEFECT (<50%) in common hepatic duct…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Femoral Hernia : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: FEMORAL Females (4 times more common) Elderly McEvedey operation (incision above inguinal ligament – preferred in emergency intervention due to easy access to compromised bowel for any resection if required) Obstruction/incarceration/strangulation risk is higher (rigid walls of femoral ring) Richter’s hernia – most common location Above inguinal ligament –…
Emergency Medicine
Burn Injury : Mnemonic Approach (ATLS)
Mnemonic: BURNS Burn depth and body surface area (BSA) Burn degree Burn depth Features Healing Mnemonic: Number of degrees = Number of structures involved Mnemonic: RBCS 1st Superficial (epidermis only) Red <1 wk 2nd Partial thickness – superficial (epidermis + papillary dermis) Blister + Blanches 1-3 wks Partial thickness –…
Blog
The Reality of Vaping: Unveiling its Actual Impact on Health and Safety
The popularity of vape technology has given rise to an entire culture. Some individuals opt for vapes as an alternative to cigarettes, trying to quit smoking, while others embrace the vaping trend out of curiosity. Furthermore, vapes are often promoted as a safer smoking option due to the absence of…