The above picture shows a VCUG scan which is a commonly performed test in urology for diagnosing various conditions related to urethra, bladder as well as assessing upper tracts. Diseases that can be diagnosed using VCUG includes: So, it is always better to have an idea about interpreting the scan as…
Tag: Radiology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Singh Index for Osteoporosis – Simplified
Pattern of bone loss in Osteoporosis Trabecular bone responds faster to metabolic changes due to greater surface are compared to cortical bone. Non-weight bearing (secondary trabeculae) are lost first. Weight bearing (primary trabeculae) may appear prominent due to loss of other trabeculae and may also become thickened due to compensatory…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Approach to Thoracic and Lumbar Spine X-ray
Views Standard: Supine AP and Latero-lateral (LL) views – thoracic or lumbar Thoracic: Lateral (Fulcrum) bending views: to determine the flexibility of curves in scoliosis Lumbar: De Seze view (Lumbopelvic view): Standing AP and LL – shows T11 to head of femur Dynamic lateral (flexion-extension) views: for instability Oblique views…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Shoulder X-ray views
Shoulder X-ray views AP Shoulder: in plane of thorax AP in plane of scapula: Angled 45 degrees lateral Scapular Y lateral: Erect with opposite shoulder rotated 40 degrees out and beam centered on spine of scapula (shoulder dislocations and scapula fractures) Supraspinatus outlet view: Scapular Y view with beam caudally…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pelvis X-ray : Simplified Approach
Views AP pelvis: patient supine and the x-ray beam oriented 90 degrees to the patient’s long axis, passing through the patient from anterior to posterior Pubic symphysis and coccyx in straight line in middle of screen with 1-3cm between superior pubic symphysis and tip of coccyx Greater and lesser trochanters…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
C-spine X-ray : Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: ABCDEF For images of the particular Cervical spine (C-spine) X-ray findings and views mentioned below, please refer to the links at the end of the article or use web-search. Adequacy Skull base, C1-C7 and upper T1 must be visible 3 views: True lateral, AP, Odontoid (Open mouth) +/- Swimmer’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
MRI Physics Made Easy
Human body is made up of water, which means a large number of atoms inside our body is hydrogen atoms, the nucleus of which contains a positively charged proton that spins (or precesses) around an axis like a child’s top. This spinning generates its own tiny magnetic field, giving the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Casting technique related Radiographic indices
Cast index Formula: Inner diameter of cast on lateral view (m) / Inner diameter of cast on AP view (n) Cut-off: 0.7-0.8 Padding index Formula: Dorsal fracture site gap (h) / Maximum interosseous length in AP view (g) Cut-off: 0.3 Cantebury index Formula: Cast index (m/n) + Padding index (h/g)…