Shoulder X-ray views AP Shoulder: in plane of thorax AP in plane of scapula: Angled 45 degrees lateral Scapular Y lateral: Erect with opposite shoulder rotated 40 degrees out and beam centered on spine of scapula (shoulder dislocations and scapula fractures) Supraspinatus outlet view: Scapular Y view with beam caudally…
Tag: Radiology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pelvis X-ray : Simplified Approach
Views AP pelvis: patient supine and the x-ray beam oriented 90 degrees to the patient’s long axis, passing through the patient from anterior to posterior Pubic symphysis and coccyx in straight line in middle of screen with 1-3cm between superior pubic symphysis and tip of coccyx Greater and lesser trochanters…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
C-spine X-ray : Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: ABCDEF For images of the particular Cervical spine (C-spine) X-ray findings and views mentioned below, please refer to the links at the end of the article or use web-search. Adequacy Skull base, C1-C7 and upper T1 must be visible 3 views: True lateral, AP, Odontoid (Open mouth) +/- Swimmer’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
MRI Physics Made Easy
Human body is made up of water, which means a large number of atoms inside our body is hydrogen atoms, the nucleus of which contains a positively charged proton that spins (or precesses) around an axis like a child’s top. This spinning generates its own tiny magnetic field, giving the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Casting technique related Radiographic indices
Cast index Formula: Inner diameter of cast on lateral view (m) / Inner diameter of cast on AP view (n) Cut-off: 0.7-0.8 Padding index Formula: Dorsal fracture site gap (h) / Maximum interosseous length in AP view (g) Cut-off: 0.3 Cantebury index Formula: Cast index (m/n) + Padding index (h/g)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Modified Ficat-Arlet Staging for AVN hip : Mnemonic
Ficat and Arlet first classified avascular necrosis of femoral head (AVN) in 1964 before the advent of MRI which was later modified and published in 1985 to include pre-radiographic stages relying on invasive testing procedures. The classification system later underwent further modifications that include MRI findings, patient symptoms and modifies…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Blumensaat line
Synonym: Intercondylar line, Blumensaat’s line Definition of Blumnesaat line It is the tangent drawn along the roof of intercondylar notch or fossa of the distal femur on the saggital or lateral view. Morphologic variations of Blumensaat line (Iriuchishima’s classification) Straight type (35%): appear more or less straight Small hill type…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Mirel’s Criteria or Score – Mnemonic
Mirel’s scoring system rates 4 criteria from 1 to 3 with maximum possible score of 12 to assess the risk of pathological fracture due to metastases and also serves as a guide for considering prophylactic fixation. The parameters of the criteria can be remembered using the mnemonic MIREL’S. M –…