Paraplegia in extension and paraplegia in flexion occur only after the spinal shock has ceased. Paraplegia in extension indicates an increase in the extensor muscle tone owing to the overactivity of gamma efferent nerve fibers to muscle spindles as the result of the release of these neurons from the higher…
Tag: Orthopedics
Section Editor: Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MBBS, PGY1 Orthopedics
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Diabetic Foot Management : Mnemonic Approach
Definition of Diabetic foot According to the WHO and International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF), diabetic foot is defined as the foot of diabetic patients with ulceration, infection and/or destruction of the deep tissues, associated with neuropathy and/or peripheral artery disease in the lower extremity of a person…
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Wrist Ligaments
a. Interosseous: Extend deeply, directly between two bones Radioscapholunate (RSL) aka Ligament of Testut (neurovascular conduit to SL ligament) Scapholunate (SL) and Lunotriquetral (UL) – volar, dorsal and proximal fibrocartilaginous membrane components Capitohamate (CH) b. Palmar-proximal V: Converge as an “upside-down V” from the radius/ulna to lunate Radio-luno-triquetral (RLT) –…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Shoulder X-ray views
Shoulder X-ray views AP Shoulder: in plane of thorax AP in plane of scapula: Angled 45 degrees lateral Scapular Y lateral: Erect with opposite shoulder rotated 40 degrees out and beam centered on spine of scapula (shoulder dislocations and scapula fractures) Supraspinatus outlet view: Scapular Y view with beam caudally…
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Pelvis X-ray : Simplified Approach
Views AP pelvis: patient supine and the x-ray beam oriented 90 degrees to the patient’s long axis, passing through the patient from anterior to posterior Pubic symphysis and coccyx in straight line in middle of screen with 1-3cm between superior pubic symphysis and tip of coccyx Greater and lesser trochanters…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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C-spine X-ray : Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: ABCDEF For images of the particular Cervical spine (C-spine) X-ray findings and views mentioned below, please refer to the links at the end of the article or use web-search. Adequacy Skull base, C1-C7 and upper T1 must be visible 3 views: True lateral, AP, Odontoid (Open mouth) +/- Swimmer’s…
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Complications of Fractures
This is a tabulated compilation for complications of fractures in general which can be immediate, early or delayed and local or generalized/systemic. This topic is commonly tested in exams. Local Systemic Immediate 1. Soft tissue injuries (Skin, Nerve, Vessels, Muscle-tendon) 2. Physeal injury 3. Hemarthrosis 4. Local visceral injury 1….
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Well’s criteria for DVT with Mnemonic
Mnemonic: ABCD(CD)E(CDE) – 4P A: Alternate diagnosis of DVT more likely (-2) B: Bedridden recently >3 days or Big (major) surgery within 3 months (+1) C: Cancer – treatment or palliation within 6 months (+1) D: Deep venous involvement: Mnemonic – CD Collateral (non-varicose) superficial veins present (+1) Deep venous…