Everyone must be aware of the normal visual pathway and their defects. Here, I’ve tried to enlist the topics related to the visual pathway that…
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Ophthalmology
Retinal Layers Simplified
The ten layers of retina – this microscopic anatomy is frequently asked in examinations and also important from the physiological viewpoint. There are plenty of…
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Horizontal Conjugate Gaze Pathway
Components of Pathway For both eyes to look at a side: Contralateral Frontal Eye Field (Brodmann area 8) Ipsilateral PPRF (Paramedial Pontine Reticular Formation) Ipsilateral…
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Vision loss – General Appoach
Diagnosis of the etiology of vision loss requires a step-wise systematic approach. The vision loss may be sudden or gradual, painful or painless, unilateral or…
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Understanding Eye Glass Prescription Slip
A phoropter/refractor is an instrument commonly used by eye care professionals during an eye examination, containing different lenses used for refraction of the eye during…
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Sudden Vision Loss : Simplified Approach
Acute or sudden vision loss is due to one of the following causes: Opacification of normally transparent structures anterior to retina Retinal abnormalities Abnormalities of…
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Acute Red Eye : Simplified Approach
Red eye reflects hyperemia or engorgement of superficial visible conjunctival, episcleral or ciliary vessels. A) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ACUTE RED EYE 1. Painless red eye:…
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History and Examination in Ophthalmology
A) HISTORY Besides chief complaints, other portion of history is similar to the one you prepare in internal medicine. 1. Description of symptom (SOCRATES): S…
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