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Mnemonics, Simplified Concepts & Thoughts

Tag: Ophthalmology

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS visual cycle

Visual cycle – Simplified

Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics, May 31, 2019May 31, 2019

11-cis-retinal combines with opsin protein to form rhodopsin. Light stimulates conversion of rhodopsin bound 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinol (all-trans-retinol is transported from photoreceptor cells to retinal pigment epithelium), which subsequently dissociates from opsin (bleaching), leading to membrane depolarization and initiation of action potential in photoreceptors in the neural retina. Once in…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS parinaud syndrome

Parinaud Syndrome – Anatomical Basis

Epomedicine, May 19, 2019May 19, 2019

Synonyms: Dorsal midbrain sydnrome, Pretectal syndrome Main components of Parinaud syndrome: Vertical gaze palsy Convergence-retraction nystagmus Pupillary light-near dissociation Lid retraction (Collier’s sign) Anatomical basis of Parinaud syndrome: Site of lesion: Dorsal midbrain Close to cerebral aqueduct and pineal gland – hydrocephalus and pinealoma Arterial supply – posterior cerebral artery…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS eye schematic

Embryology of Eye : Mnemonic

Epomedicine, Mar 3, 2019Mar 3, 2019

Surface ectoderm derivatives Mnemonic: LEVeL Lens Epithelium All ocular adnexa including mebomian gland and glands of Zeis and Moll Skin Cornea Conjunctiva Vitreous (portion) Lacrimal glands and drainage system Neuro-ectoderm (Optic vesicle and cup) derivatives Mnemonic: MORE Muscles of pupil (constrictor and dilator pupillae) Optic nerve Retinal pigment epithelium Epithelium…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS Visual field defect ethambutol

Ethambutol Induced Optic Neuropathy

Epomedicine, Mar 27, 2017

Mechanism of Ethambutol induced optic neuropathy Ethambutol is metabolized to a chelating agent. The chelating agent formed then may impair the function of metal-containing mitochondiral enzymes, such as the copper containing cytochrome-c oxidase of complex IV and the iron containing NADH:Q oxidoreductase of complex I. These mitochondrial respiratory chain play…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS pupillary light reflex

Visual Pathway : Supplement Knowledge

Epomedicine, Jul 29, 2016Jun 17, 2023

Everyone must be aware of the normal visual pathway and their defects. Here, I’ve tried to enlist the topics related to the visual pathway that are “nice to know” but you may have missed it or failed to understand properly. Below is the basic visual pathway:   Wilbrand’s knee Anterior…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS retinal layers

Retinal Layers Simplified

Epomedicine, Jul 28, 2016Oct 29, 2017

The ten layers of retina – this microscopic anatomy is frequently asked in examinations and also important from the physiological viewpoint. There are plenty of mnemonics around the web, but we will proceed in a different approach to remember the 10 retinal layers easily. A. Retina is 3 neuron system…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS voulantary horizontal conjugate gaze

Horizontal Conjugate Gaze Pathway

Epomedicine, Jul 27, 2016May 19, 2019

Components of Pathway For both eyes to look at a side: Contralateral Frontal Eye Field (Brodmann area 8) Ipsilateral PPRF (Paramedial Pontine Reticular Formation) Ipsilateral CN VI Nucleus Contralateral Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) Contralateral CN III Nucleus Horizontal Conjugate Gaze Pathway Lesions of Conjugate Gaze Pathway Abducens (CN VI) nerve:…

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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS painless loss of vision

Vision loss – General Appoach

Epomedicine, Aug 15, 2015Aug 17, 2015

Diagnosis of the etiology of vision loss requires a step-wise systematic approach. The vision loss may be sudden or gradual, painful or painless, unilateral or bilateral, etc. One needs to take a detailed ocular history and examination. Step 1: Sudden or gradual vision loss? a. Sudden: vascular occlusion (e.g., AION, CRAO, CRVO)…

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