Ollier’s disease Maffucci syndrome
Tag: Oncology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Metaphyseal lesions : Differential Diagnoses
Lesions Age Demographics Site Presentation Imaging Treatment Comments Acute Osteomyelitis Bimodal (<2 years and 8-12 years) M:F = 2:1 Distal femur, Proximal tibia Pain, refusal to bear weight, erythema, warmth, fluctuance, tenderness Lags 2 weeks behindDestruction of bone, periosteal reaction (lamellated, hair on end), new bone formation 1. Antibiotics2. Surgical…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Colorectal carcinoma – Duke Staging and Management
TNM stage Duke’s stage Description 5 yr survival Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy 0 – Tis, N0, M0 Limited to mucosa >95% Local excision/polypectomy → Surveillance No No Mnemonic I – T1-2, N0, M0 A A-Ok limited to bowel wall only 90% Wide surgical resection + Anastomosis No No II – T3-4,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pelvic Lymphatic Drainage
1. Para-aortic (lumbar) nodes: Gonads (derive blood supply from kidneys) 2. Inferior mesenteric nodes: As of blood supply – to the structures derived from hindgut 3. Common iliac nodes: Receives external and internal iliac nodes; Drains into para-aortic nodes 4. Superficial inguinal nodes: Everything that can be touched with fingers…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Lung Cancer : Mnemonics
Types Most common cancer: Metastases Primary lung cancer: Type Frequency Location Association Features Small (oat) cell carcinoma 15% Sentral (central) Smoker Neuroendocrine differentiation (Kulchitsky cells)Aggressive (disseminate early – lymphadenopathy)Paraneoplastic syndrome (ACTH, ADH, Antibodies – Lambert eaton)InoperableChemosensitive Adenocarcinoma 40% Peripheral Non-smoker (most common) k-Ras, EGFR, ALK mutationsNodule/massHypertrophic osteoarthropathy (clubbing)Bronchio-alveolar subtype (pneumonia-like):…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Enchondroma vs Chondrosarcoma (low grade) : Mnemonic
Among cartilaginous tumors, 2 pathologies can be misleading when trying to reach a correct diagnosis: enchondroma (E), a benign tumor, and low-grade chondrosarcoma (LGC), which is a low-aggressivity malignancy. This can be a problem when deciding treatment because E only requires regular follow-up, but LGC needs surgical treatment. Mnemonic: ABCDE…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) : A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: Other facts: Clinical features: Diagnosis: Role of biopsy/tissue diagnosis in GIST (current consensus): Treatment: High risk features: Choices of surgery: Aim of surgery: Prognostication: Malignant potential Comments Mortality Benign Size: up to 2 cmMitosis: up to 5/50 hpf No tumor related mortality Probably benign Size: 2-5 cmMitosis: same as…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence in Colorectal Cancer : Mnemonic
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence is a stepwise development of normal epithelium to carcinoma due to accumulation of mutations over a number of years leading to activation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes. One of the pathways follows adenoma–carcinoma sequence, that is, normal → adenoma → carcinoma. The other is pertaining…