Zero Position Zero position is the position during elevation in coronal or sagittal plane or in any plane where: Zero position of shoulder The humerus is elevated to about 165° with individual variations and is in the newly acquired scapular plane (around 45° anterior to the coronal plane). The humeral…
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
Surgical Skills 
Swashbuckler (Modified Anterolateral) Approach to Distal Femur
Advantages: Patient position: Supine with a roll under the knee to allow knee flexion Tourniquet: Not used unless required Incision: Superficial dissection: 1. Fascia is incised in line of incision & sharply dissected off the vastus lateralis muscle laterally to its inclusion with the iliotibial band, to expose the quadriceps…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy
Osteology Vertebra Body Spinous process Transverse process Typical (C3-6) Relatively small; oval; uncinate process superiorly Bifid Has foramen transversarium, Has anterior and posterior tubercle separated by groove for spinal nerve (large anterior tubercle in C6 called Carotid/Chassaignac tubercle) Atlas (C1) None; Ring (2 lateral masses connected by anterior & posterior…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Enchondroma vs Chondrosarcoma (low grade) : Mnemonic
Among cartilaginous tumors, 2 pathologies can be misleading when trying to reach a correct diagnosis: enchondroma (E), a benign tumor, and low-grade chondrosarcoma (LGC), which is a low-aggressivity malignancy. This can be a problem when deciding treatment because E only requires regular follow-up, but LGC needs surgical treatment. Mnemonic: ABCDE…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Joint Lubrication Made Easy
Boundary lubrication A monolayer of lubricant molecule (lubricin) adsorbed on each surface (boundary) of the joint prevents direct cartilage to cartilage (articular) contact Fluid-film lubrication Cartilage surfaces are separated by a fluid film 1. Hydrodynamic lubrication: 2. Squeeze film lubrication: 2. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Combination of hydrodynamic and squeeze film Mixed…
Surgical Skills 
Biomechanics in MIPO (Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis)
1. Provides optimal environment for fracture healing: 2. Relative stability of fracture: 3. Acts as internal fixator: 4. Plate length and Number of screws in Bridge plate function: 5. Plate working length: References:
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
Origin: Tibial nerve (both medial and lateral plantar nerve) Similar to: Course and innervation: Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve Origin Larger branch of tibial nerve Smaller branch of tibial nerve Course Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd plantar layers Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Clavipectoral Fascia
Extent: Function: Structures piercing the clavipectoral fascia: Mnemonic: CLAP Surgical relevance: