Osteology Vertebra Body Spinous process Transverse process Typical (C3-6) Relatively small; oval; uncinate process superiorly Bifid Has foramen transversarium, Has anterior and posterior tubercle separated by groove for spinal nerve (large anterior tubercle in C6 called Carotid/Chassaignac tubercle) Atlas (C1) None; Ring (2 lateral masses connected by anterior & posterior…
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Enchondroma vs Chondrosarcoma (low grade) : Mnemonic
Among cartilaginous tumors, 2 pathologies can be misleading when trying to reach a correct diagnosis: enchondroma (E), a benign tumor, and low-grade chondrosarcoma (LGC), which is a low-aggressivity malignancy. This can be a problem when deciding treatment because E only requires regular follow-up, but LGC needs surgical treatment. Mnemonic: ABCDE…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Joint Lubrication Made Easy
Boundary lubrication A monolayer of lubricant molecule (lubricin) adsorbed on each surface (boundary) of the joint prevents direct cartilage to cartilage (articular) contact Fluid-film lubrication Cartilage surfaces are separated by a fluid film 1. Hydrodynamic lubrication: 2. Squeeze film lubrication: 2. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Combination of hydrodynamic and squeeze film Mixed…
Surgical Skills 
Biomechanics in MIPO (Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis)
1. Provides optimal environment for fracture healing: 2. Relative stability of fracture: 3. Acts as internal fixator: 4. Plate length and Number of screws in Bridge plate function: 5. Plate working length: References:
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
Origin: Tibial nerve (both medial and lateral plantar nerve) Similar to: Course and innervation: Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve Origin Larger branch of tibial nerve Smaller branch of tibial nerve Course Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd plantar layers Deep to abductor hallucis muscleBetween 1st and 2nd…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Clavipectoral Fascia
Extent: Function: Structures piercing the clavipectoral fascia: Mnemonic: CLAP Surgical relevance:
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Clarke’s test
Synonyms: Patellofemoral grind test, Patella hold test, Zohler’s sign Tests for: Patellofemoral dysfunction Patient position: Lying down with knees extended and relaxed (heels on table) Technique: 1. Place the webspace of thumb on the upper pole of patella and push it inferiorly. 2. Ask the patient to contract his/her quadriceps…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Median, Ulnar and Radial Nerve – Course and Innervation
Median nerve, Ulnar nerve and Radial nerve are the 3 major nerves of the upper limb originating from the brachial plexus. Some important neuroanatomic relationships in the forearm are: 1. Medial nerve: Crossed by brachial artery from lateral to medial just above the elbow to lie medial to brachial artery…