Cellulitis is a rapidly spreading acute inflammation with infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue that spreads widely through tissue spaces. It is commonly caused by either Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. Erysipelas is a superficial form of cellulitis involving lymphatics; it has a peau d’orange appearance and a sharp border. It characteristically appears on the face. Since,…
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Bisphosphonate Pharmacology
Classification Non-nitrogen containing (1st generation): Etidronate Clodronate Tiludronate Nitrogen containing (2nd and 3rd generation): a. 2nd generation (alky-amino nitrogen containing): Pamidronate Alendronate Ibadronate Olpadronate b. 3rd generation (heterocyclic nitrogen containing): Risedronate Zoledronate Chemical structure Stable derivatives of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) Mechanism of action Strong attachment to hydroxyapatite mineral found in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Oestern and Tscherne Classification for Closed fractures
The classification system for closed fractures is based on the physiologic concept that the energy imparted to the bone (and the resultant fracture pattern) directly correlates with the energy transferred to the surrounding soft tissues. Grade Soft tissue injury Fracture Compartment C0 Absent or Negligible Simple (Spiral) Soft and/or Normal…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Screw-home mechanism
Synonym: Knee-locking mechanism Definition: During the final degrees of knee extension (last 20-30 degrees), an obligatory lateral rotation of the tibia occurs, i.e. non-voluntary coupled movement of knee extension and external rotation. Mechanism: External rotation of tibia with reference to the femur or Internal rotation of femur with reference to…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Foot muscles – Layers and Compartments
Deep to the plantar fascia, muscles of plantar foot exist in 4 different layers. Extensor digitorum brevis makes dorsal layer of foot and remaining 18 muscles and 4 tendons make the 4 layers of plantar aspect or sole of foot. In general: Layer 1 and 3: 3 muscles each that…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rheumatoid Arthritis Criteria Mnemonics
The 2 commonly used criteria for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis will be discussed here. 1987 ACR Criteria Mnemonic: DMARDs if MADRAS Mnemonic: EARS For diagnosis of RA: 4 out of 7 criteria must be present (except duration) and criteria listed above in number 1, 2, 7 and 8 must be…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) Criteria and Management
The 2013 ICM criteria for defining Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be remembered using the mnemonic below: Mnemonic: 1 tract or 2 bact. and 3 of ABCDEF 1 sinus tract communication with the joint OR 2 positive periprosthetic cultures with phenotypically identical bacteria AND 3 of the following six minor…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pathophysiology of Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is defined as an inflammation of the bone (single portion or numerous regions, like marrow, cortex, periosteum and surrounding soft tissue) caused by an infecting organism (usually monomicrobial but polymicrobial can occur, especially in diabetic foot). Definitions, Criteria and Classifications of different types of Osteomyelitis have been discussed in…