Multiple studies have shown that metformin reduces serum B12 levels in 10–30% of patients. The effect increases with the duration of the therapy. Decrease in…
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Internal medicine
Hyponatremia : SIADH vs Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome
SIADH causes Mnemonic: SIADH Surgery Intracranial – Infection, Head injury, CVA Alveolar – Carcinoma, Pus Drugs – Opiates, Antiepileptics, Cytotoxics, Anti-psychotics Hormonal – Hypothyroid, Low…
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Maddrey Score (Discriminant Function) and Lillie Model : Alcohoic Hepatitis
The severity of alcoholic hepatitis can be assessed using a number of simple quantitative indices (Maddrey score, Meld score, Combined clinical and laboratory index). Of…
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Clinical Criteria for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever
In the Absence of Microbiological Confirmation, these case defintions and criteria may be helpful. Case definitions of Typhoid Fever a. Confirmed enteric fever: A patient…
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DKA : Mnemonic Approach and Clinical Aspects
Diagnostic criteria for DKA a. Plasma glucose (mg/dl): >250 b. Arterial pH: 7.25 to 7.3: mild DKA 7 to 7.24: moderate DKA <7: severe DKA…
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Hyponatremia Correction: Practical Approach
Corrected sodium level When hyperglycemia is present, the underlying sodium concentration (corrected sodium concentration) can be estimated by adding 1.6-2.4 mEq/L (average of 2 mEq/L)…
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Costovertebral or Renal angle tenderness
Synonyms: Murphy’s kidney punch, CVA tenderness (CVAT) Anatomy of Costovertebral angle or Renal angle: Costovertebral angle is formed by the junction of the 12th, or…
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Somogyi effect and Dawn Phenomenon – Mnemonic
Both Somogyi effect and Dawn phenomenon are the cause of MORNING FASTING HYPERGLYCEMIA. Mnemonic: Somogyi = So Much InsulinDawn = Down Insulin a. Somogyi effect:…
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