Synonyms: Thyroglossal cyst, Thyrolingual cyst, Thyroglossal duct remnant, TGDC, TDC, TGDR Definition: Thyroglossal duct cyst is a congenital malformation that occurs due to incomplete closure of the thyroglossal duct which presents as a cystic midline neck swelling at birth. Thyroglossal fistulas are usually recognized by their external opening (typically located…
Tag: Otorhinolaryngology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Differential diagnoses of Neck Swellings
Triangles of Neck The following anatomic points define the anterior compartment/triangle of the neck: Contents: larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid and parathyroid glands, carotid sheath, and suprahyoid and infrahyoid strap muscles. Submandibular triangle: region contained in the anterior neck bordered by the inferior margin of the mandible and the digastric, stylohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. This region contains…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Epistaxis Basics : Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology
Synonyms: Nosebleed, Nasal bleeding Definition: Epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the nasal cavity. It ranges from minor blood-tinged mucus when blowing the nose to life-threatening hemorrhage. Epidemiology: Age: Bimodal distribution – common in <10 years and >60 years Season: Winter Anatomy and Physiology: Why is the nose prone to…
Case Reports 
Basal Cell Adenoma of Parotid Gland: Case Report and Review of Literature
Bidhan Sigdel, Sulabh Shrestha, Amrit Devkota Fourth Year MBBS, KISTMCTH ABSTRACT Basal Cell Adenoma (BCA) accounts for 1-2% of salivary gland tumor .BCA is rare benign epitheloid neoplasm of salivary gland, which was first described and documented as distinct clinical and pathological entity by Kleinsasser and Klein in 1967 and…
X-ray Soft Tissue Neck
Anatomy: Retropharyngeal space: Extends from the base of the skull down to the level of the carina, and is located between the buccopharyngeal mucosa and the prevertebral fascia. Prevertebral space: A potential space that is located between the anterior aspect of the vertebral body and the prevertebral fascia. It is located directly posterior to…
Surgical landmarks for identification of facial nerve in Parotid surgery
The facial nerve (CN VII) exits the skull base through the stylomastoid foramen situated posterolaterally to the styloid process and anteromedially to the mastoid process and enters the parotid gland to divide it into a large superficial lobe and a small deep lobe. The main trunk of facial nerve enters…
X-ray of Mastoids
While we have more sophisticated radiological techniques of examination of the mastoids, the ability to read an X-ray of mastoid is a must for the undergraduate students of the medicine. While describing an X-ray in ENT or Otorhinolaryngology, you need to comment on these points: Plain or Contrast Regions: Mastoid,…
Surgical Skills
Myringotomy and Tube Insertion
Synonyms: Of Myringotomy: Tympanotomy (Opening the middle ear cavity), Tympanostomy (Instillation of a ventillation tube), Myringocentesis Of Ventilation Tube (VT): Grommet, Pressure Equalization Tube, Ear tubes, Tympanostomy tubes Definition of Myringotomy Myringotomy is the incision on the tympanic membrane to remove accumulated fluid or to provide aeration in case of…