Being an expat will have many pros and cons along the journey. Travelling the world, learning new languages and sampling local culture, cuisine and hospitality sounds like a dream to many, and a lot of people are fortunate enough to actually make such a huge life changing decision. However, there…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
C-spine X-ray : Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: ABCDEF For images of the particular Cervical spine (C-spine) X-ray findings and views mentioned below, please refer to the links at the end of the article or use web-search. Adequacy Skull base, C1-C7 and upper T1 must be visible 3 views: True lateral, AP, Odontoid (Open mouth) +/- Swimmer’s…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Hyperkalemia Management – Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: C BIG K D Calcium gluconate (Cardiac stabilizer) It is generally accepted that calcium should be given when there are ECG changes associated with hyperkalaemia. Calcium gluconate 10% 10-30 ml IV (1-3 gm) over 5-10 minutes (Can be repeated after 5 minutes if ECG changes persistent) 0.5 ml/kg in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
4 Box Model for Clinical Decision Making
Remember the 4 Cs: Clinical indication (Principle of Benevolence and Non-maleficence) Choice of patient (Principle of respect for Autonomy) Contextual features (Principle of Loyalty and Fairness) Condition (quality) of life (Principle of Benevolence, Non-maleficence and respect for Autonomy) A 5th box can be added: Catholic perspective Example: Clinical indications 18…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Complications of Fractures
This is a tabulated compilation for complications of fractures in general which can be immediate, early or delayed and local or generalized/systemic. This topic is commonly tested in exams. Local Systemic Immediate 1. Soft tissue injuries (Skin, Nerve, Vessels, Muscle-tendon) 2. Physeal injury 3. Hemarthrosis 4. Local visceral injury 1….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Muscles of Back – Simplified
A. Superficial Group (Appendicular group) Arise from vertebral column and attach to shoulder (assist in movement of limbs) a. Most superficial: Trapezius (From external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae and spinous process C7-T12) Latissimus dorsi (From spinous process T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest) b. Covered by trapezius: Levator scapulae (From…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
GRACE, HEART and TIMI score Mnemonics : Cardiac Chest Pain Risk Stratification
GRACE Score Mnemonic: GRACE A. Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events B. Renal: Creatinine C. Age D. Cardiac: Heart rate Systolic blood pressure Cardiac arrest at admission Killip class: I – No CHF II – Basal rales and/or JVD III – Pulmonary edema IV – Cardiogenic shock E. ECG and…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
Use of Thyroid Function Test in Adult, Non-pregnant patients
The presentation attached below covers approach to management of thyroid disorders and appropriate use of thyroid function test (TFT) during diagnosis and follow-up of patients with thyroid disorders. Few MCQs for self-assessment 1. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism should be considered for LT4 therapy if the patient has:A. A family history…