Do you ever feel self-conscious about your breath? Do you wonder if people might be able to smell your mouth when you speak? If you’ve answered yes to either of these questions, you may suffer from bad breath. Bad breath isn’t just something that affects the individual who is breathing;…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Rickets Made Easy
Types Type Pathology 25(OH) D 1,25(OH)2 D PTH Ca PO4 ALP Additional clinical findings Treatment Vitamin D deficiency (Nutritional) Hypovitaminosis D 🡢 Hypocalcemia 🡢 Secondary hyperparathyroidism 🡢 Rise of serum calcium towards normal level ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓/= ↓ ↑ Rachitic rosaryBowing of kneesMuscle hypotoniaWaddling gaitDental diseaseLooser zones/Milkman’s fracture (pseudofracture…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Calcium Metabolism
Functions Mnemonic: Six ‘C’s Contraction of muscles (Coupling of excitation-contraction) Conduction in nerves Cardiac function Coagulation in blood (Co-factor) Communication (intracellular messengers) for hormones, autacoids and transmitters Cementing (mineralization) of bone – Compressive strength Distribution Average young adult = 1200 gm calcium 99% in bone as calcium hydroxyapatite 1% in…
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What To Do When You Have a Toothache
Everyone has had it at least once in their lives – a pain in a tooth and the surrounding gums that throbs and drives you up the wall. Toothache can be the result of something minor – like a popcorn kernel stuck between your teeth, or it can be caused…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Hawkin’s Classification for Talus Fractures : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: NISA 10-50-90-100 Type I – Non-displaced Neck fracture (upto 10% risk of AVN) 1 blood vessel damaged (entering talar neck) Management: 8 weeks in cast and 4 weeks in CAM cast Type II – Type I + Inferior (subtalar) subluxation/dislocation (upto 50% risk of AVN) 2 blood vessels damaged…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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Child with a limp : Mnemonic Approach
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION Mnemonic: LIMPINGS 1. Limping definition and onset Any deviation in walking pattern away from the expected normal pattern for the child’s age Limping is never normal Acute Acute infections Trauma Leukemia Unstable SCFE Epidural abscess Chronic SCFE DDH Neoplasm Child abuse Neuromuscular conditions Leukemia 2. Injury Mnemonic:…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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Tanner stages : Simplified with Mnemonics
Breast Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Breast bud Stage 3 – Common Contour (not separated) Stage 4 – Double mound (contour separated) Stage 5 – End stage development (Adult type) Male Genitalia Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Bulky…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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Mortarmen’s knee
Synonym: Adult onset tibial tubercle exostoses History: Pain over anterior surface of upper tibia Pain during running, jumping, squatting, kneeling and descending stairs Usually no history of trauma, anterior knee pain or Osgood-Schlatter disease Physical examination: Tenderness over hypertrophic tibial tubercle Quadriceps tightness (Ely’s test) X-rays: AP, lateral and tangential…