Epidemiology and Clinical features Mnemonic: LMNOP Lower extremity predilection (proximal femur > tibial diaphysis) Male predilection (2:1 to 3:1) Night pain relieved by NSAIDs (absent in osteoblastoma) Osteogenic benign tumor Prostaglandins (PGE2) and Cyclooxygenase (COX1 and 2) release by nidus (explains night pain and response to NSAIDs) 3 Concentric layers…
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What is Cosmetic Plastic Surgery?
Cosmetic plastic surgery involves a range of procedures that are performed to change somebody’s appearance. Surgical procedures might be done on the face, upper body, or lower body, depending on the needs of the individual. For example, some people choose to get cosmetic plastic surgery to change their body shape….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Pregabalin vs Gabapentin
Both pregabalin and gabapentin are GABA analogues that bind to presynaptic neuron’s voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), specifically to the alpha-2-delta protein leading to reduced calcium influx at the nerve terminals. This leads to reduced release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Though the compounds are similar they have few important differences that must…
Emergency Medicine
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Conus Medullaris Syndrome vs Cauda Equina Syndrome : Anatomical basis and Mnemonic
Definitions Condition Vertebral level of injury Neurological level of injury ISNCI level of injury Conus Medullaris Syndrome (CMS) T12-L2 T12-S5 T11 Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) L3-L5 L3-S5 L2 Anatomy The spinal cord ends as a tapered structure called the conus medullaris at the level of L2–L3 disc in the neonate…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
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Modified Ashworth Scale for Spasticity : Mnemonic
Ashworth scale tests resistance to passive motion about a joint with varying degrees of velocity. Modified Ashworth Scale (Bohannon and Smith, 1987) has 1+ grading between grades 1 and 2. Modified Ashworth Scale (Ansari et.al., 2006) has been described here. Mnemonic: Ashworth is a juggling clown 0 : 0 is…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
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Pirani Score and Dimeglio Classification for Clubfoot Assessment
Pirani socre Pirani score for assessment of clubfoot (CTEV) consists of 6 parameters (3 each in midfoot and hindfoot) which is scored as 0, 0.5 or 1 with a maximum possible score of 6. The parameters can be remembered using the mnemonic: PER TOM Posterior crease Empty heel Rigid equinus…
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The 5 Most Common Sleep Disorders Explained and How They’re Treated
Sleep is a vital part of life, as it allows our bodies to rest and recover from the previous day. The average healthy adult needs between seven and nine hours of sleep every night, whereas older adults, teenagers, young children, and infants need more. And this refers to good, quality,…
Surgical Skills
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Krackow Suture Technique
The Krackow technique is a continuous locking loop suture technique commonly used in tendon repair. The classic Krackow stitch involves 3 or more locking loops placed along each side of the ligament or tendon. Starting point: 1 cm from the tendon end Suture pitch: 5 mm (space the loops 5…