Normal values Step 1: pH Step 2: pCO2 Step 3: HCO3- Step 4: Determine compensation If there is metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, determine if there is appropriate respiratory compensation: No respiratory compensation: Expected pCO2 = Measured pCO2 Respiratory compensation: Expected pCO2 ≠ Measure pCO2 Step 5: Delta ratio ΔAG /…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Coronary Arteries : Mnemonic
Right coronary artery (RCA) Course: Branches: Mnemonic: TRaP Me IN Large: Small: Left coronary artery (LCA) Course: Branches: Mnemonic: LaTe PAD Large: Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery – Small: Arterial supply of conducting system of heart 1. RCA: SA node, AV node, AV bundle 2. LCA: Right bundle branch of…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Venous Drainage of Heart : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: CAT 1. Coronary sinus (50%): Drains blood from left side of heart → Thebesian valve → Right Atrium 2. Anterior cardiac veins (20%): Drain blood from right side of heart → Right Atrium 3. Thebesian veins/Venae cordis minimi (30%): Drain deoxygenated blood from endocardium and myocardium → Respective chamber…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Transpyloric Plane : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Addison’s plane Definition: An imaginary horizontal line (halfway between suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis) through the L1 vertebra, a line that is important when performing radiographic imaging studies. Structures lying in transpyloric plane: Mnemonic: TRANSPYLORIC
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Bronchopulmonary segments : Mnemonic
Features of Bronchopulmonary segments: Right Lung Mnemonic: A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm (from top to bottom) 1. Superior lobe: 2. Middle lobe: 3. Inferior lobe: Left Lung Instead of lateral and medial segment as described in middle lobe of right lung, the left lung lingula has: Some books…
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Happy Gut – Happy Life: Everyday Tips To Keep Your Digestive System in Best Shape
Taking good care of your digestive system is essential for your overall health and well-being. After all, your digestive system is a vital component of our general wellness that not only provides our bodies with the necessary nutrients to fuel our daily activities but also helps us absorb essential vitamins…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Foot Drop : Differentials
Foot drop can result from: L5 radiculopathy Lumbar plexopathy Sciatic neuropathy Peroneal neuropathy Causes Disc herniation, Spinal canal stenosis Pelvic surgery, hematoma, prolonged labor Hip surgery, Injection injury Compression/trauma Motor Weakness includes muscles and hip abductors Weakness includes hip abductors and anal sphincter Weakness includes tibial and hamstring muscles Weakness…
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Gut Health Matters: Coping with Chronic Digestive Disorders
Living with a chronic digestive disorder can significantly impact your daily life, from managing symptoms to navigating dietary restrictions and emotional challenges. However, with the right coping strategies and a holistic approach to wellness, improving your quality of life and finding relief is possible. Coping with these conditions requires a…