Case summary A female neonate was born via emergency cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. The indication of LSCS was polyhydramnios with fetal bradycardia. The birth weight of the neonate was 1700 grams following which the baby was shifted to NICU for observation. I, as a surgical resident was…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Enchondroma vs Chondrosarcoma (low grade) : Mnemonic
Among cartilaginous tumors, 2 pathologies can be misleading when trying to reach a correct diagnosis: enchondroma (E), a benign tumor, and low-grade chondrosarcoma (LGC), which is a low-aggressivity malignancy. This can be a problem when deciding treatment because E only requires regular follow-up, but LGC needs surgical treatment. Mnemonic: ABCDE…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) : A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: Other facts: Clinical features: Diagnosis: Role of biopsy/tissue diagnosis in GIST (current consensus): Treatment: High risk features: Choices of surgery: Aim of surgery: Prognostication: Malignant potential Comments Mortality Benign Size: up to 2 cmMitosis: up to 5/50 hpf No tumor related mortality Probably benign Size: 2-5 cmMitosis: same as…
Surgical Skills
Shoelace technique for Delayed Primary Closure
Indication: Delayed primary closure of fasciotomy wounds Sutures that can be used: Anchors: Staples (can apply 2 staples) or Metal clips Knotting pattern: The suture is attached to one side and passed through the incision to be attached on the opposite side, in a sequence that resembles a zigzag from…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Joint Lubrication Made Easy
Boundary lubrication A monolayer of lubricant molecule (lubricin) adsorbed on each surface (boundary) of the joint prevents direct cartilage to cartilage (articular) contact Fluid-film lubrication Cartilage surfaces are separated by a fluid film 1. Hydrodynamic lubrication: 2. Squeeze film lubrication: 2. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Combination of hydrodynamic and squeeze film Mixed…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Protected: MRCS Part A, September 2023 – Recalls
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PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Surgical Anatomy of Diaphragm
Diaphragm is a thoracoabdominal organ which is musculotendinous. It is the primary muscle of respiration. Extension: There are 2 crura of diaphragm: 3 ligaments: Quadratus lumborum muscle is related to lateral arcuate whereas psoas muscle is related to medial arcuate ligament. The foramen of Morgagni shown in the above picture…
Clinical Skills and Approaches
An approach to Abdominal Trauma
Abdominal Trauma Abdominal trauma can be broadly classified into: Both of these have different approach of management. In case of any trauma, you need to go serially as per ATLS guidelines, i.e., the primary survey followed by the secondary survey. For quick recap, primary survey includes: Note: according to ATLS,…