Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS

Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS heme synthesis pathway

Heme Synthesis and Defects Simplified

Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics,

Structure of Heme Heme is a ferro-proto-porphyrin. Heme = Protoporphyrin IX ring + Iron (Fe) in center Protoporphyrin IX = porphyrin with attachment to 4 Methyl, 2 Propionyl and 2 Vinyl groups. Porphyrin = Cyclic structure with 4 pyrrole rings Pyrrole rings are derived from Porphobilinogen (PBG) Hydroxymethylbilane = Linear…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS unstable plaque

Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology

Epomedicine,

Definitions of Related Terms A) Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): It is the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, resulting in myocardial hypoxia and accumulation of waste metabolites. The components of IHD are: Stable Angina Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) B) Stable Angina: Pattern of chronic, predictable, transient chest discomfort during…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS cholesterol synthesis pathway

Cholesterol Synthesis Mnemonic

Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics,

Liver as a hub of cholesterol metabolism All nucleated cells have the capacity to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl-CoA (like most biological lipids). 90% of synthesis occurs in liver and intestine. The cholesterol biosynthesis pathway involves enzymes that are in the cytoplasm, microsomes (ER), and peroxisomes. Liver obtains cholesterol from 3…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS liporptoein receptors

Lipoprotein Metabolism Simplified

Epomedicine,

Lipoproteins Composition of Lipoproteins: Non-polar core – mainly triglycerides and cholesteryl esters Single surface layer – amphipathic phospholipids and cholesterol Apoprotein or Apolipoprotein Class Abbreviation Density Protein Lipid content Electrophoretic mobility Chylomicrons CM lowest lowest highest (exogenous triacylglycerol) don’t migrate Very low density lipoproteins VLDL .. .. .. (endogenous triacylglycerol)…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS neutropenia

Neutropenic Fever and Empiric Therapy

Epomedicine,

Synonym: Febrile Neutropenia Definition of Neutropenic Fever Fever: Single oral temperature ≥ 38.3 °c (101 °F) or ≥ 38 °c (100.4 °F) sustained over 1 hour Neutropenia: Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) <500 cells/cu.mm or ANC expected to fall <500/cu.mm in next 48 hours Profound neutropenia: ANC <100/cu.mm Prolonged neutropenia: Neutropenia for >7 days…

PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS inheritance patterns mnemonic

Inheritance of Disease – Mnemonics

Dr. Sulabh Kumar Shrestha, MS Orthopedics,

Lets work with some generalizations 1. X-linked dominant, mitochondrial and Y-linked conditions are rare. You need to remember them. 2. Usually inherited in autosomal dominant pattern are: Mostly mutations in non-enzymatic structural proteins (e.g. collagen, fibrillin, cytoskeletal proteins of RBC) or in membrane receptors (e.g. LDL receptor) Diseases due to diminished…