Views Standard: Supine AP and Latero-lateral (LL) views – thoracic or lumbar Thoracic: Lateral (Fulcrum) bending views: to determine the flexibility of curves in scoliosis Lumbar: De Seze view (Lumbopelvic view): Standing AP and LL – shows T11 to head of femur Dynamic lateral (flexion-extension) views: for instability Oblique views…
Category: Clinical Skills and Approaches
History taking and examination skills and Flowchart approaches to commonly encountered medical conditions and diseases.
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
WIPERS mnemonic for starting patient examination
A useful approach before examining any patient, using the mnemonic WIPER. 1. Wind up clothes above elbow, Withdraw all jewelry and Wash your hands. 2. Introduce yourself. 3. Purpose and Permission – explain purpose and gain verbal consent (permission) to proceed with the examination. 4. Expose the patient as needed….
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Thoracolumbar Metastases Management : Mnemonic Approach
The primary malignancies that commonly metastasize to the spine can be recalled using the mnemonic: PB KTL (or “Lead Kettle”. Prostate Breast Kidney Thyroid Lungs In women, 80% metastases are from lung and breast and in men, 80% are from lung and prostate. LMNOP approach A. Location/Level 80% involve well-vascularized…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Splenomegaly : Examination techniques and Clinical Approach
ANATOMY OF SPLEEN Histologically: FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ organ and serves following functions – An increase in these normal functions may result in splenomegaly EXAMINATION OF SPLEEN 1. Palpation: If history suggest splenomegaly but is not palpable: Roll the patient on to the right lateral…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
C-spine X-ray : Mnemonic Approach
Mnemonic: ABCDEF For images of the particular Cervical spine (C-spine) X-ray findings and views mentioned below, please refer to the links at the end of the article or use web-search. Adequacy Skull base, C1-C7 and upper T1 must be visible 3 views: True lateral, AP, Odontoid (Open mouth) +/- Swimmer’s…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Use of Thyroid Function Test in Adult, Non-pregnant patients
The presentation attached below covers approach to management of thyroid disorders and appropriate use of thyroid function test (TFT) during diagnosis and follow-up of patients with thyroid disorders. Few MCQs for self-assessment 1. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism should be considered for LT4 therapy if the patient has:A. A family history…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Constructing Differential Diagnoses : Mnemonic
Think of VITAMINS ABCDEK V: Vascular (bleed or blocked), or anything related to hematology I: Infective or Post-infective T: Trauma or mechanical factors such as obstructions or pressure. A: Autoimmune-related or Allergy M: Metabolic I: Idiopathic or Iatrogenic N: Neoplasia S: Social reasons – child abuse and social deprivation A:…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Diabetes Made Easy : Epomedicine Series
Approach to Uncomplicated Diabetes Mellitus : Simplified Management of Diabetes – GLUCOSE BAD mnemonic DKA : Mnemonic Approach and Clinical Aspects GIK Regimen – Rule of Ten Simplified Guide to Statin Therapy Diabetic Ketosis without Acidosis Diabetic Foot Management