Anatomy of PLC 3 major static stabilizers of PLC Lateral collateral ligament Popliteus tendon Popliteofibular ligament Other static stabilizers of PLC Lateral capsule thickening Arcuate ligament Fabellofibular ligament Dynamic stabilizers of PLC Biceps femoris Popliteus muscle Iliotibial band (ITB) Lateral head of gastrocnemius There are 2 “Y” shaped structures in…
Author: Epomedicine
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Osteogenesis Imperfecta : Mnemonic
Synonym: Brittle Bone Disease Incidence: 1 in 20,000 Gene defect: Col1A1 (17q) and Col1A2 (7q) Mnemonic: Remember “one” for “bone”. Collagen one is the main composition of bone. OI is a disorder of bone. Hence, the defect is is in Col1. Features Mnemonic: BLOOD Sillence Type Inheritance Features Mnemonic Collagen…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Linea Aspera
Linea aspera is a ridge of roughened surface on the posterior surface of the shaft of femur which serves as a site for attachment of muscles and intermuscular septum. The various structures attached to linea aspera can be remembered using few mnemonics: Mnemonic 1#: 1, 2, 3 It gives attachment…
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Breast Engorgement in Newborns : Galactorrhea or Witch’s Milk
Scenario Concerned parents appear in the Out patient Department, with a newborn who has bilateral breast engorged and obviously secreting milk. Parents had tried to squeeze the milk out but instead the breast got further engorged. Few months before a neonate was admitted for Intravenous antibiotics for similar problem, after…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Stress, Strain, Viscoelastic behavior
Stress or load: Force over area (has units of Newton per square metre) Strain or deformation: Change in length over original length caused by applied stress or load (unitless and expressed as ratio or percentage) Mnemonic: If your boss is under a lot of stress, his personality changes (strain) A….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pressure Sores and Bed Sores
A pressure injury is localized damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device. Normal capillary refill is 16-33 mmHg. Ischemia occurs with prolonged pressure >33 mmHg: Ischial tuberosity: >100 mmHg during sitting Sacral region: 40-60 mmHg in…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Motor March Phenomenon
Motor march phenomenon is a sign of reinnervation like Hoffman-Tinel’s sign which has been discussed earlier. Observed in: Axonotmesis Repaired Neurotmesis Not observed in: Neuropraxia Motor march phenomenon: As the re-innervation of injured nerve proceeds, the muscles nearest to the site of injury recovers first followed by distal ones sequentially…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Friedreich’s Ataxia : Mnemonic
Friedreich’s ataxia is a hereditary spinocerebellar degenerative disorder named after German neurologist, Professor Nicholaus Friedreich. Mnemonic: FRIEDREICH’S Ataxia 1. Foot deformity (progressive cavo-varus), Frataxin expression reduced 2. Recessive (autosomal), Repeat of trinucleotide GAA (chromosome 9) 3. Iron accumulation in mitochondria 4. Extensor plantar response 5. Dysarthria (within 5 years of…