Learning Objectives List the differential diagnosis for an acutely painful scrotum. Understand the anatomical basis of testicular torsion. List common presenting signs and symptoms of testicular torsion. Describe both initial and definitive management of testicular torsion. Explain why torsion is an emergent condition and discuss the time for salvage of…
Tag: Reproductive system
Emergency Medicine 
Manual detorsion of testis in Testicular Torsion
Indications of Manual Detorsion It can serve as a temporizing measure to attempt to reperfuse the testis while the patient is awaiting definite surgical management. Contraindications of Manual Detorsion Manual detorsion is not recommended for torsion of duration >6-8 hours (prolonged ischemia leads to marked swelling and edema after which…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) : Quick review
Follow-up protocol Post-Evacuation of Molar Pregnancy Weekly hCG measurements until hCG becomes undetectable Once hCG is undetectable, 2 further specimens should be obtained at weekly intervals Then monthly for 6 months and then Every 2 months for a further 6 months Diagnosis of GTN The diagnosis of GTN is made…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Pathology of Ovarian Tumors – Quick Review
The latest TNM and FIGO staging for Ovarian Cancer has been discussed earlier here. Here, we will discuss pathology of ovarian tumors in short and in a way thats easy to grasp. WHO Classification of Ovarian Tumors Cells of origin Surface coelomic epithelium Germ cells Sex cord, stromal cells Metastatic…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Prostate Anatomy – Clinical correlate
Anatomy of Prostate The embryology and detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of the prostate has already been discussed earlier. Read the anatomy of prostate. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Occurs exclusively in transition zone (progressively enlarges with age). Median lobe of the gland enlarges upward and encroaches sphincter vesicae, located at…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
TNM and FIGO Staging of Ovarian Carcinoma Simplified
FIGO has published a new classification for ovarian cancer. These new cancer staging rules will be incorporated into the 8th Edition of the UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, which is thought to be effective from 2017. Cancer of the ovary has 3 major stages (I, II and III) and…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Management of Puerperium
Normal puerperium has been already discussed earlier here. A) Immediately after labor within 1 hour Blood pressure and heart rate atleast every 15 minutes Monitor amount of vaginal bleeding Palpate fundus to ensure amount adequate contractions (if relaxed – massage uterus to enhance oxytocin release) B) 1st several hours 1….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Normal Puerperium Made Simple
Definition of Puerperium: Period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs involute i.e. revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically – and lasts 6 weeks or 42 days. Immediate: Within 24 hours of childbirth Early: Within 7 days of childbirth Remote: Within…