The flow-volume loop is a plot of inspiratory and expiratory flow (on the Y-axis) against volume (on the X-axis) during the performance of maximally forced…
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Physiology
Bilirubin Metabolism and Disorders
Bilirubin Metabolism Mnemonic: ABCDE 1. Aged RBCs (80-85%) 2. Breakdown to Biliverdin and Bilirubin (in reticuloendothelial system) 3. Circulation 4. Delivery to liver (Conjugation) 5.…
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Gastric Acid Secretion Made Easy
Steps for gastric acid secretion by parietal cells 1. H+ and HCO3- are produced from CO2 and H2O. 2. H+ is secreted into the lumen…
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Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptors : Mnemonics
Location Alpha = Arteries and smooth muscles Beta = Beats or Breaths Types and Action 1 = Contract 2 = Dilate Receptors Alpha 1: Alpha…
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Gastric Acid Secretion in Parietal cells: Mechanism
Key player: H+/K+ ATPase or “proton pump” (in canalicular membrane of parietal cells) a. Hydrogen ions are generated within the parietal cell from dissociation of…
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Bohr and Haldane Effect : Mnemonics
Haldane effect Mnemonic: HALD Bohr Effect Mnemonic: BOHR
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Calcium Metabolism
Functions Mnemonic: Six ‘C’s Contraction of muscles (Coupling of excitation-contraction) Conduction in nerves Cardiac function Coagulation in blood (Co-factor) Communication (intracellular messengers) for hormones, autacoids…
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Renal Counter-Current Mechanism Made Easy
The term counter-current means flow in opposite direction. The renal counter-current mechanism comprises of: Flow of filtrate in opposite direction in nephron loop (down the…
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