Friedreich’s ataxia is a hereditary spinocerebellar degenerative disorder named after German neurologist, Professor Nicholaus Friedreich. Mnemonic: FRIEDREICH’S Ataxia 1. Foot deformity (progressive cavo-varus), Frataxin expression reduced 2. Recessive (autosomal), Repeat of trinucleotide GAA (chromosome 9) 3. Iron accumulation in mitochondria 4. Extensor plantar response 5. Dysarthria (within 5 years of…
Tag: Pediatrics
Section Editor: Dr. Sujit Kumar Shrestha, MD Pediatrics, Fellowship Neonatology
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Edward Syndrome : Mnemonic
Mnemonic: EDWARDS 1. Eighteen trisomy, Elongated skull 2. Digit overlapping with clenched fist 3. Webbing of 2nd and 3rd toes 4. Absent radii, Arthrogryposis 5. Rocker-bottom feet 6. Dysplastic ears, Disability (intellectual), Diseased heart (VSD) 7. Small lower jaw
Surgical Skills 
Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy for CTEV
Indications Cavus, Adductus and Varus are fully corrected but ankle dorsiflexion remains <10 degrees above neutral Adequate abduction: Best sign: Ability to palpate anterior process of the calcaneus as it abducts out from beneath the talus Abduction of approximately 60 degrees Neutral or slight valgus of os calcis Technique 1….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
CTEV Made Easy
CAVE deformities Mnemonic Deformity Site Components C Cavus Midfoot Plantar flexed 1st metatarsal A Adductus Forefoot (Tarsometatarsal joint) Medial displacement of navicular and cuboid along with talar neck and head; Calcaneus and distal calcaneal articulating surfaces adducted along V Varus Hindfoot (Subtalar joint) Calcaneum is adducted, plantar flexed and inverted…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Osteopetrosis : Mnemonic
Synonyms: Marble bone disease Albers-Schonberg disease (Autosomal dominant form) Mnemonic: OSTEOPETROSIS Osteoclast dysfunction (Carbonic anhydrase II gene mutation or chloride channel dysfunction) Symmetric skeletal sclerosis Thickened cortex with loss of medullary canal diameter (bone in bone appearance) Extramedullary hematopoiesis (aplastic anemia and hepatosplenomegaly) Overgrowth of skull foramina (cranial nerve palsies)…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Rickets Made Easy
Types Type Pathology 25(OH) D 1,25(OH)2 D PTH Ca PO4 ALP Additional clinical findings Treatment Vitamin D deficiency (Nutritional) Hypovitaminosis D 🡢 Hypocalcemia 🡢 Secondary hyperparathyroidism 🡢 Rise of serum calcium towards normal level ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓/= ↓ ↑ Rachitic rosaryBowing of kneesMuscle hypotoniaWaddling gaitDental diseaseLooser zones/Milkman’s fracture (pseudofracture…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Child with a limp : Mnemonic Approach
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION Mnemonic: LIMPINGS 1. Limping definition and onset Any deviation in walking pattern away from the expected normal pattern for the child’s age Limping is never normal Acute Acute infections Trauma Leukemia Unstable SCFE Epidural abscess Chronic SCFE DDH Neoplasm Child abuse Neuromuscular conditions Leukemia 2. Injury Mnemonic:…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Tanner stages : Simplified with Mnemonics
Breast Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Breast bud Stage 3 – Common Contour (not separated) Stage 4 – Double mound (contour separated) Stage 5 – End stage development (Adult type) Male Genitalia Development Mnemonic: ABCDE Stage 1 – Absent development Stage 2 – Bulky…