Embarking on the journey of fertility and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) can be daunting, yet it’s a path trodden by many with hope and aspiration. In the realm of assisted reproductive technology, IVF stands out as a beacon of hope for numerous couples and individuals yearning to start or grow…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Hypertrophic Scar vs Keloid
Hypertrophic scars and keloids are both raised, firm scars formed from excess fibrinogen production and collagen during healing. Mnemonic: BAD SCARS Mnemonic Basis Hypertrophic scar Keloid B Behavior Natural regression No spontaneous regressio A Acuteness Appears in weeks Appears over months to years D Demographic All races affected More prevalent…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Severity Scores for Acute Pancreatitis : Mnemonics
Modified Glasgow-Imrie Score Severe pancreatitis likely: 3 or more of the following within 48 hours of symptom onset Mnemonic: PANCREAS Mnemonic Criteria Positive when P PaO2 <60 mmHg A Age >55 years N Neutrophils (WBC) >15,000/cu.mm C Calcium <2 mmol/l R RFT (Urea) >16 mmol/l E Enzyme (LDH/AST) LDH >600…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
ALI and ARDS : Mnemonics
Diagnosis (Berlin Criteria) Mnemonic A R D S Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Acute onset (<7 days) Ratio PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mmHg or 40 kPa Diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on CXR Swan-Ganz pulmonary wedge pressure ≤18 mmHg or No evidence of Left atrial hypertension Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Acute onset (<7…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Surface Anatomy of Pleura and Lung
Surface Anatomy of Pleura Mnemonic: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 rule 1. Starts about 2 cm above the midpoint of medial 1/3 of clavicle. 2. Meet in the midline at rib 2. 3. Left side reaches sternal line at rib 4 (to make room for heart). 4. Right side…
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Starting Small: The Road to Building Healthy Lifestyle Habits
[ Disclaimer: Article may contain promotional links] We all have been there – scrolling through social media, bombarded by images of sculpted physiques and meticulously planned meal prep. Feeling a surge of inspiration, you vow to overhaul your entire lifestyle – become a gym freak, a culinary master and an…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Bilirubin Metabolism and Disorders
Bilirubin Metabolism Mnemonic: ABCDE 1. Aged RBCs (80-85%) 2. Breakdown to Biliverdin and Bilirubin (in reticuloendothelial system) 3. Circulation 4. Delivery to liver (Conjugation) 5. Excretion and Enterohepatic circulation Unconjugated Vs Conjugated Bilirubin Unconjugated bilirubin Conjugated bilirubin Van den Bergh reaction Indirect Direct Solubility Water insoluble; Lipid soluble Water soluble;…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Internal and External Jugular Veins with Mnemonics
Jugular veins are the veins that take blood from the head to the heart via Superior Venacava (SVC). Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) External Jugular Vein (EJV) Formation (Drains from) Inferior petrosal sinus + Sigmoid sinus (At or just distal to Jugular foramen) Posterior div. of retromandibular vein + Posterior auricular…