Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a hereditary disorder of hemoglobin synthesis caused by a mutation in the globin gene that changes the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine resulting in abnormal sickling (rigid, inflexibled and sickle-shaped) of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) under low oxygen conditions. Sickle cell anemia…
Category: PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS
Medical knowledge in bullet points with understandable language, simplified images and graspable mnemonics.
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Understanding visual field defects in Glaucoma (Perimetry)
Introduction Field of vision or Visual field is defined as the area that is perceived while fixating one central target. According to traquair’s analogy, visual field is “an island of vision surrounded by a sea of darkness”. It is a 3D hill – peak being fovea and at ground level,…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Carpal Tunnel Anatomy
Synonyms: Carpal canal Definition of Carpal Tunnel Carpal tunnel is an osseofibrous space on the palmar aspect of wrist extending from distal volar wrist crease to the mid-palm, which serves as a passageway to the palm for flexor tendons and the median nerve. Boundaries of Carpal Tunnel A. Roof: Flexor…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Radial Nerve Anatomy : Course and Innervation
Synonyms: Nervus radialis, Musculospiral nerve Recommended reading: Course 1. Origin: Terminal branch of Posterior cord of brachial plexus (Root value: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1) 2. Posterior axilla: It lies behind the axillary and upper part of the brachial arteries, passing anterior to tendons of subscapularis, lattisimus dorsi and teres…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Cephalosporin Pharmacology – Mnemonics
Cephalosporins are one of the most widely prescribed antimicrobial drugs. They can be classified into 5 to generations and the medical students often have hard time remembering the names of drugs falling into different generations as the names appear and sound similar. This is a collection of mnemonics from different…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Anatomy of Ostiomeatal complex
Synonyms: Ostiomeatal unit, Osteomeatal complex, OMC Definition: The term “ostiomeatal unit” represents the area on the lateral nasal wall (middle meatus) that receives drainage from the anterior and medial ethmoid cells, frontal sinus, and maxillary sinus. It is an antomically constricted area that is prone to blockage, especially in the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Triangles and Lymph node levels of Neck
There are 2 major triangles in the neck, containing other smaller triangles. 1. Anterior triangle: Midline of neck – Mandible – Anterior border of SCM Posterior triangle: Posterior border of SCM – Trapezius – Clavicle (level V); 2 triangles inside separated by inferior belly of omohyoid Surgically, cervical lymph nodes…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Approaches to Middle ear and Mastoid surgery
Endomeatal (Transcanal or Transmeatal) Approach: Not used commonly in children owing to relatively small ear canal This incision is used when the mesotympanum and hypotympanum are the surgical sites A posterior tympanomeatal flap is raised to enter into the middle ear. The flap includes skin over the medial two-thirds of the bony…