You must be asking yourself – “how to remember the TNM staging system?” and looking here and there for mnemonics only to find nowhere. Understanding the oncoanatomy helps to understand the staging system of the cancers. Tumor Status (T) T1 T2 T3 T4 Depth of invasion Solid organs Confined Capsule,…
Tag: General Surgery
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Answering Techniques for Surgery Papers
How to answer definitions ? Definitions are often asked in the exams – both in theory exams and viva-voce. As the content is vast, mugging them up is not a good idea. If you have a good understanding over the topic, you can write down a good definition by including…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Breast Cancer Screening
ACS recommendations (2015) For women with average risk: 40-44 years: mammogram on patient’s choice 45-54 years: mammogram yearly >54 years: mammogram 2 yearly or yearly based on patient’s choice Women must be informed on the benefits and harms of mammographic screening Regular clinical breast exam and breast self-exam are not…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Breast Cancer Risk Factors with Mnemonics
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER Incidence: In general, less industrialized nations tend to have lower rates of breast cancer, with Japan being an exception to this rule. The highest rates are seen in Europe and North America. Age at onset: Race: incidence is higher among white women than African- American woman, but the mortality is higher…
Clinical Skills and Approaches 
Mnemonic based approach to grading and planning treatment for BPH
MNEMONIC: FUNWISE During the last 1 month, how often/many times you had to – 1. Frequency: Urinate again <2 hours after you finished urinating ? 2. Urgency: Difficulty in postponing the urine ? 3. Nocturia: Get up to urinate from bedtime to wakeup ? 4. Weak stream: Weak urinary stream…
Case Reports 
Craniopharyngioma – Case Discussion
Case Summary A 38 year old female came with: Headache for 6 months Diminution of peripheral vision bilatetrally Irregular menstrual cycle for the last 1 year Now, polydypsia and excessive urination Her prolactin level was 115.6 ng/ml (increased), FSH was 1.3 mIU/ml (decreased) and LH was 0.242 mIU/ml (decreased). CT…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Radiation cystitis : Diagnosis, prevention and management
Cause of radiation cystitis: Bladder in the radiation field (treatment of pelvic malignancies like prostate, cervical, colorectal) Epidemiology of radiation cystitis: Incidence: 23% to 80% (variability due to variability in type and dosing of radiotherapy among different medical subspecialities) Incidence of severe hematuria: 5-8% Mean duration for developing radiation cystitis:…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Surgical Anatomy of Stomach
GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION (CARDIA) It is the junction between esophagus and cardia of stomach Histologically: Mucosal transition from squamous to columnar epithelium Functionally: High pressure zone (Lower esophageal sphincter or LES) – Normally, LES is intraperitoneal, >2 cm long, and has a resting pressure >6 mmHg; not an anatomical sphincter but a…