General principles and classification of open fractures have been discussed earlier. The Gustillo-Anderson classification commonly used for the long bone fractures might not be suitable for open pelvic fractures. Jones-Powell classification It is based on the mechanical stability of the pelvic ring and the potential contamination of the open wound….
Tag: Musculoskeletal system
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Finger Extensor Apparatus – Simplified
Synonyms: Extensor expansion, Extensor hood, Dorsal expansion, Dorsal hood, Dorsal aponeurosis Components: Extrinsic tendons Intrinsic tendons Soft-tissue stabilizing structures Extrinsic tendon Extensor Digitorum Communis (EDC; may be absent in little fingers) ± Extensor Indicis Proprius (EIP; usually ulnar to EDC) ± Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM; ulnar to EDC) passes dorsally…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Intrinsic Muscles of Hand : Mnemonics
Hand comprises of 10 compartments: Thenar Adductor Hypothenar Palmar interosseous (3) Dorsal interosseous (4) Thenar and Adductor Muscles Thenar and Adductor muscles can be remembered using following technique: Additionally, thenar, adductor and hypothenar muscles of hand can be remembered in their relative position in palm using the mnemonics given below….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Intrinsic thumb muscles : Tricks to Remember
The muscles of thumb will make 2 compartments – thenar compartment and adductor compartment. Mnemonic: Do it yourself as shown in the image below. Put your left hand with curled in middle/long finger above the palm of right hand. There are 2 muscle layers in this side of the hand….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Kocher Criteria for Septic Arthritis : Mnemonic
Kocher criteria can help to differentiate between spetic arthritis and transient synovitis in a case of non-traumatic painful hip in a child. A restrospective study in 104 pediatric patients has depicted that meeting 3 out of 4 crtieria would miss 52% cases and is of limited usefulness in detecting septic…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Mirel’s Criteria or Score – Mnemonic
Mirel’s scoring system rates 4 criteria from 1 to 3 with maximum possible score of 12 to assess the risk of pathological fracture due to metastases and also serves as a guide for considering prophylactic fixation. The parameters of the criteria can be remembered using the mnemonic MIREL’S. M –…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Elbow ligaments : Simplified Anatomy
Lateral collateral ligament complex Restraint to varus and posterolateral rotatory instability. Anatomy is more variable. LCL arises from lateral humeral condyle at a point through which the axis of rotation passes – it maintains a uniform tension throughout the arc of motion. Annular ligament is a “U” shaped ligament that…
Emergency Medicine 
Pulled elbow reduction
Synonyms: Nursemaid’s elbow, Radial head subuluxation, Elbow subluxation Age: Commonly 1-4 years After 5 years of age, the attachment of the annular ligament to the neck of the radius strengthens Enlargement of the proximal radial epiphysis with growth may also improve stability Presentation: History of pull may be absent in…